Костина Екатерина Алексеевна

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ГОУ ВПО «НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»





Е.А. Костина, Э.В. Усенкова, Л.С. Драгунова


ВТОРАЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ – АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

(для студентов III курса)


Допущено Учебно-методическим объединением
по направлениям педагогического образования
Министерства образования и науки РФ
в качестве учебно-методического пособия
для студентов высших учебных заведений,
обучающихся по направлению 540300 (050300)
Филологическое образование










Новосибирск 2009

УДК – 811.111 (075.8)
ББК – 81.432.1 – 923





Рецензенты:
канд. филол. наук, доц., директор переводческого агентства «АУМ»
Аврасина Т.Ю.
канд. пед. наук, доц., зав. каф. иностранного языка ГОУ ВПО НГПУ
Волкова А.А.



А – 647 Костина Е.А., Усенкова Э.В., Драгунова Л.С.
Вторая специальность – английский язык (для студентов III курса): учебно-методическое пособие. – Новосибирск, 2009. – 152 с.


Пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих английский язык второй год как дополнительную специальность, а также для широкого круга лиц, желающих совершенствовать свои знания английского языка.
Цель пособия – привить навыки устной и письменной речи по предложенным разговорным темам и поднять уровень владения грамматикой.




УДК – 811.111 (075.8)
ББК – 81.432.1 – 923




© ГОУ ВПО НГПУ
© Костина Екатерина Алексеевна,
Усенкова Элеонора Валерьевна,
Драгунова Лариса Сергеевна


                                    Contents
  Введение………………………………………………………….5
1. Topics…………………………………………………………...6
    Holidays in Russia………………………………………………6
    Books and Reading……………………………………………...11
    At the Theatre…………………………………………………...30
    Cinema………………………………………………………… 39
    At the Post-Office……………………………………………… 48
    Meals at Home and Dining Out…………………………………72
2. Grammar………………………………………………………..97
      The Use of Articles with the Names of Seasons……………… 97
      The Use of Articles with the Names of Meals…………………98
      The Use of Articles with the Noun “Town”………………….. 100
      The Use of Articles with Material and Abstract Nouns………. 100
      The Past Perfect Tense (Active Voice)………………………. 104
      The Future Perfect Tense (Active Voice)……………………. 106
      The Passive Voice of the Indefinite Tenses………………….. 108
      The Passive Voice of the Perfect Tenses………………………112
      The Passive Voice of the Continuous Tenses………………… 114
      The Present Perfect Continuous Tense……………………….. 116
      The Past Perfect Continuous Tense…………………………… 125
      The Future Perfect Continuous Tense………………………… 131
      The Sequence of Tenses………………………………………. 133
      Indirect (Reported) Speech…………………………………….135
      Modal Verbs…………………………………………………...141
References………………………………………………………...152

Введение
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов III курса языкового факультета, продолжающих изучать английский как второй язык, и представляет собой набор лексических и грамматических тем, ранее студентами не изучавшихся.
Основная цель данного пособия – дать студентам новые и более глубокие знания по лексике и грамматике английского языка на основе уже полученных во время первого года обучения элементарных знаний по данным аспектам языка; нашей основной задачей является привить студентам более прочные навыки и умения в практическом применении знаний, полученных при изучении лексического и грамматического материала.
Пособие состоит из двух частей. Первая часть включает такие устные темы, как Кино и театр, Книги, Праздники, Работа почты, а также тему, связанную с Приемом пищи дома и вне его. Во вторую часть вошел грамматический материал, объясняющий правила образования и употребления перфектных времен в активном и пассивном залоге, правила согласования времен, косвенную речь, модальные глаголы и правила использования артиклей с определенными группами имен существительных. Обе части снабжены большим количеством практических упражнений.


Авторы

TOPICS
HOLIDAYS IN RUSSIA
Vocabulary
to celebrate — праздновать
celebration — празднование
independence — независимость
to see something in — встречать (праздник)
to greet something with something — приветствовать
Christmas — Рождество
religious — религиозный
ally — союзник
to defeat — разгромить
anniversary — годовщина
magnificent — величественный
to commemorate — увековечить
wreath — венок
tomb — плита, могила
to broadcast — транслировать
to participate — участвовать
to elect — выбирать
defender — защитник
Easter — Пасха
knowledge — знание
Father Frost — Дед Мороз
to demonstrate — демонстрировать
demonstration: to go on a demonstration — ходить на демонстрацию
to be in good mood (in high spirits) — быть в хорошем настроении
to decorate something with something — украшать
slogan — лозунг
coloured balloon — цветной воздушный шар
academic year — учебный год
ornaments and lights — украшения и лампочки
guest — гость
eve — канун
to glitter — сверкать, сиять
Holidays in Russia
There are many national holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not work and have special celebrations. The major holidays are: New Year’s Day, Women’s Day, May Day, Victory Day and Independence Day.
The first holiday of the year is New Year’s Day. People see the New Year in at midnight on the 31st of December. They greet the New Year with champagne and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o’clock.
There are lots of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a New Year tree glittering with coloured lights and decorations. Children always wait for Father Frost to come and give them presents. Many people consider New Year’s Day to be a family holiday. But the young prefer to have New Year parties of their own.
A renewed holiday in our country is Christmas. It is celebrated on the 7th of January. It’s a religious holiday and a lot of people go to church services on that day.
On the 8th of March we celebrate Women’s Day when men are supposed to do everything about the house and cook all the meals.
The greatest national holiday in our country is Victory Day. On the 9th of May 1945, the Soviet Army and its allies completely defeated the German fascists and the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War ended. Every year we celebrate the anniversary of this great event. Many veterans take part in the military parade and lay wreaths on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stand in silence for a minute. Radio and television broadcast popular war songs all day long. A lot of guests from different countries of the world come to Moscow to participate in the celebration.
Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June, 1992, the first President of Russia was elected.
We also celebrate Day of the Defender of Motherland on the 23rd of February, Easter, Day of Knowledge and lots of professional holidays which are not public holidays and banks, offices and schools do not close.

I. Answer the following questions, using the vocabulary of the Lesson.
1. Which of our holidays do you like best of all? 2. When do we celebrate Women’s Day? 3. Do you usually invite guests to your holidays? 4. What do you usually wish people on New Year’s Eve? 5. When do people usually laugh, joke, dance and sing? 6. Who do you usually see New Year in with? 7. Do you take part in holiday demonstrations? 8. What holidays do people go on demonstrations on?

II. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. On the 1st of September about 60 million pupils and students start the academic year. 2. Knowledge is power: the more man knows the greater power he has. 3. You get knowledge at school and also from books, from magazines and from radio and TV programmes. 4. Knowledge of history helps to understand the past, the present and the future. 5. Christmas is the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. 6. We prepare for New Year’s Day weeks before. We buy gifts for our family and friends. We choose a tree and decorate it with ornaments and lights. And we cook special food.

III. Make up dialogues basing on the text “Holidays in Russia”. Choose any situation you like. For example:
a) you and your friend talk about holidays in Russia;
b) you tell a foreigner about Russian holidays.

IV. Read the dialogues and act them out with proper intonation.
On New Year’s Eve
Mary: Hallo, Ann! Glad to meet you. I haven’t seen you for ages. Where’ve you been all this time?
Ann: I’ve just come back from St. Petersburg.
Mary: Oh, I see. Where are you going to see the New Year in?
Ann: I haven’t thought of it yet. And what about you?
Mary: I’ve invited a few friends to my place. You’ll join us, won’t you?
Ann: With great pleasure, thank you.
At Table
Mary: Help yourself to some more cake.
Ann: No, thank you. I’ve had quite enough. I’d like another cup of tea.
Mary: Shall I fetch you a cup of tea too, Peter?
Peter: No, thank you. I don’t want any more tea. Let’s have a dance.

V. Give three forms of the verbs.
To be, to have, to see, to beat, to come, to give, to go, to do, to build, to take, to lay, to stand, to broadcast.

VI. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Кто еще хочет принять участие в демонстрации? 2. Когда он вошел в комнату, гости все еще танцевали. 3. Какой праздник вам очень нравится? 4. Я еще не представил вам всех своих гостей. 5. Кого еще вы собираетесть пригласить на свой день рождения? 6. Где вы будете первого мая? — Я собираюсь поехать в Санкт-Петербург. Я никогда не был там и очень хочу посмотреть этот город, особенно в праздничные дни. 7. Где вы будете встречать Новый год? — Я думаю встречать Новый год у Ковровых. 8. Где вы будете праздновать Женский День?

VII. Read some more information about the Russian holidays. Use this information, find some additional material and have a round-table talk “Holidays in Russia”: tell about different Russian holidays in detail.
Day of the Defender of Motherland
(February, 23)
The history of this holiday dates back to the Soviet times. The Soviet Army was organized in 1918 to defend the Soviet Republic.
On the 23rd of February, 1918, the German invaders were stopped near Narva and Pskov on the way to Petrograd. The day of the first victory won by the young Red Army became its birthday.
Since 1918 the Red Army has always defended our Motherland and fought for world peace. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945 the Red Army defeated the enemies in the West and in the East and liberated the peoples of many countries.
May Day – Holiday of Peace, Spring and Labour
(May, 1)
May Day was born in the USA almost 100 years ago and it became the world workers’ holiday in 1889. First in America, then in Europe, the workers began to meet on May Day to fight for an eight-hour working day. In 1890 the first May Day meeting was held in Hyde Park, London. So many people came, one newspaper man thought, “the whole London” was there.
Since that time May Day has become an international workers’ day to demonstrate working-class unity.
Now in Russia this holiday is called Holiday of Peace, Spring and Labour.
Victory Day
(May, 9)
The Great Patriotic War ended in May, 1945. That spring day of May, 9 went down into the history of our country as Victory Day. It is celebrated by meetings and marches. People bring flowers to the monuments where war heroes are buried. War veterans tell young people how they fought during the war to defend the country.
Victory was won at a high price. The people of our country had to fight against the fascists from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south. They defended Moscow and Stalingrad and thousands of other towns and villages. They helped the peoples of many other countries to become free from fascism. The heroic Soviet people not only defended their own country, they saved the world.
But Victory Day is not only the day to remember those who did not come back from the war. It is the day to be proud of all progressive people who took an active part in winning the victory over the fascists and helped the Soviet Army.
At the same time, on Victory Day we not only remember the past. We must think about the future and defend peace.
Day of Knowledge
(September, 1)
The 1st of September is a national holiday in our country. It is the Day of Knowledge. On that day students start their academic year.
Knowledge is power; the more one knows the greater power one has. You get knowledge at school, and also from books, from magazines, and from radio and TV programmes. Good knowledge of school subjects will help you later to learn more difficult things.
Knowledge of history, for example, helps to understand the past, the present and the future. If you know other school subjects well, they will certainly help you in your life. You will be able to use your knowledge when you need it in your studies or in your work. Our industry will develop further on, so workers and engineers will still need more and more knowledge.
Knowledge of other languages is very useful, especially if you have to work for your country abroad or if you must read foreign literature in the original. If you know the language of a foreign country, you can talk to its people and understand what they say. Knowledge of foreign languages also helps young people of different countries to develop friendship and understanding.
The Day of Knowledge is celebrated by schoolchildren and their teachers. Veteran workers, engineers and scientists come to meet them in classrooms. They tell the young people about the role of knowledge in their lives.
We need knowledge to be active, useful citizens of our country.
BOOKS AND READING
1. Classes of books: light/heavy reading; fiction/non-fiction; science fiction; biography; poetry; books about political, social, economic subjects; travel books, romances; thrillers; adventure/love stories; detective stories; fairy-tales and fantasies; ghost stories and mysteries; animal stories and family stories.
2. The physical appearance of books: to keep books clean and shiny; to bend a book in half; a book with loose/dog-eared pages; a beautifully printed book; a cheap paperback (edition); an elegantly bound/pocket edition; soft/hard cover.
3. Reading habits: to form a reading habit early in life; to motivate and encourage reading; an avid/voluntary/infrequent reader; to read silently to oneself; to read incessantly; to read quickly but accurately; to read slowly and laboriously; to read effortlessly; to read curled up in a chair; to read deep into the night; to read oneself to sleep; to read for pleasure/for an examination; to be glued to a book for hours; to be/get lost in a book; to choose books according to subject/the author’s name; to browse through newspapers and periodicals; to scan/skim a magazine/article; to dip into/glance over/pore over/thumb through a book.
4. Library membership: to borrow books and gramophone records; to return/renew/request books; a borrower; a library ticket; a request card; to get/send reminder notices; to keep books which are overdue; to be suspended from the library; books on open reserve; books (not) available from a local library; a subject catalogue; a catalogue of authors and titles; magazine/reference/science sections in a library; to keep abreast of the developments in (electronics); subscriber; renewal.
5. Appreciation of books and authors: to favour modern/classical authors; a book that is certain to delight; to have a good/bad/high/low opinion of...; a trend to read relatively more non-fiction; a widespread indifference to (poetry); to get the fullest possible value from a book; to get the whole pleasure from...; to applaud or condemn (with an open mind); to pass judgement; to praise unreservedly; to leave a lasting impression.
Positive attributes: amusing, exciting, humorous, informative, entertaining, gripping, absorbing, lively, witty.
Negative characteristics: mediocre, lacking in originality, hackneyed, pompous, sentimental, repetitive, dull, boring, clumsy, rambling, heavy-handed, superficial, pretentious, wordy, dense, insipid.
Fiction  (Художественная литература)
science fiction – научная фантастика
travel books – книги о путешествиях
adventure story – приключенческая повесть
detective story/whodunit [hu│dΛnIt] (shortened from Who’s done it?) – детективная повесть
humorous/funny story – юмористический/смешной рассказ
historical novel – исторический роман
psychological novel – психологический роман
exciting plot – интересный/волнующий сюжет
boring/dull book – скучная книга
educational subject – воспитательная тема
chapter – глава
contents – содержание
title/name – название (книги)
author – автор
principal character – главный персонаж (герой)
favourite hero/heroine – любимый герой/героиня
poetry, verses – поэзия, стихи
a well-read man – начитанный человек
keen reader/lover of books – любитель читать/книголюб
to read in the original – читать в оригинале
to read in translation – читать в переводе
leisure reading – чтение для отдыха
light (tiring) reading – легкое (утомительное) чтение
Phrases to Remember
What kind of reading do you prefer?
Что вы любите (предпочитаете) читать?
I’m fond of light/leisure reading.
Я люблю легкое чтение/чтение для отдыха.
The story was so funny, I couldn’t help laughing.
Рассказ был такой смешной, что я не мог удержаться от смеха.
The book is much spoken about, I couldn’t help buying it.
Об этой книге много говорят, я не мог не купить ее.
“Is the book worth reading?” – “I don’t think so, but tastes differ.”
«Стоит читать эту книгу?» – «Не думаю, но о вкусах не спорят.»
Non-Fiction. Periodicals
(Научная литература. Периодические издания)
textbook/manual – учебник, учебное пособие
handbook/reference book – справочник
encyclopaedia – энциклопедия
magazine – журнал (литературно-художественный)
popular science journal – научно-популярный журнал
monthly (daily, weekly) newspaper – ежемесячная (ежедневная, еженедельная) газета
today’s (this week’s, back) issue – сегодняшний (за эту неделю, старый) номер, выпуск (газеты, журнала)
leading article/leader/editorial – передовая статья (в газете, журнале)
editor (in chief) – (главный) редактор
to look up for (some information) – искать (какую-либо информацию)
to look through newspapers (journals) – просматривать газеты (журналы)
Phrases to Remember
My subscription (for…) has run out.
Моя подписка (на…) закончилась.
I’d like to renew my subscription for…
Я хотел бы продлить мою подписку на…
I’m badly in need of a reference book on…
Мне очень нужен справочник по…
I’d like to see some back issues of this newspaper.
Я бы хотел посмотреть старые номера этой газеты.
Bookshops. Libraries
(Книжные магазины. Библиотеки)
newsstand; bookstall – газетный киоск, книжный лоток
bookshop/bookseller’s – книжный магазин
bookseller – продавец книг
bestseller – книга, пользующаяся наибольшим спросом
thriller – захватывающая книга
local library – местная (районная) библиотека
lending library – абонемент
rental shelves – отдел выдачи книг на дом
private library – личная библиотека
repository – книгохранилище
playwright – драматург
reference hall – зал справочной литературы
to lend books – выдавать книги
to borrow books from – брать книги (в библиотеке, у кого-либо)
to select/choose/pick out – выбирать (книги, журналы)
to order/check out (Am.) – заказать (книгу, журнал)
to renew a book – продлить срок пользования книгой
to exchange a book – обменять книгу
to be on the waiting list – быть в списке (очереди)
Phrases to Remember
What’s your field of interest?
Чем вы интересуетесь?
I’m interested in science fiction.
Меня интересует научная фантастика.
Could you give me some advice/suggestions?
Не могли бы вы мне что-нибудь посоветовать/предложить?
His latest book is a great hit/success.
Его новая (последняя) книга имеет большой успех.
As a matter of fact…
Дело в том, что…
Idioms
To turn over a new leaf: to forget the past and start again with the intention of doing better.
e.g. I didn’t want to keep making those same mistakes, so I decided to turn over a new leaf.
To read someone like a book: to understand someone very well.
e.g. I know just why he did that: I can read him like a book.
You can’t tell a book by its cover: you can’t tell what a person or thing is like from its appearance.
e.g. He looks like he’d be able to do the job but I’m sure you can’t tell a book by its cover.
To leaf through: to look through (a book, magazine or newspaper) without reading it carefully.
e.g. Why don’t you just leaf through this book to see whether you want to buy it?
To hit the books (slang): to begin to study; to study.
e.g. If you want to pass that test tomorrow, you’d better hit the books tonight.

I. Read the text.
At a Library
I am a subscriber to our local library. About every fortnight I go there to exchange books. I enter the library and go to the Lending Department. Here I first of all look through the catalogue. Sometimes I look through the author catalogue. Sometimes I look through the subject catalogue. I find the name of an author and the title of an interesting book. I fill in a slip and hand it to the librarian. She goes to the repository to see if the book is there. Soon she comes back and says, “Here is the book you want.” This library has a reference hall where books can be read but not be taken away. The reference hall contains a large number of reference books, such as encyclopaedias, dictionaries, atlases and some other reference books on every possible subject. Reference books are not for continuous reading. We only consult them, we do not read them from cover to cover.
This library has a reading-room where you can sit and read daily papers and all the other important periodicals (the weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies).

II. Answer the questions.
1. How many libraries are there in your city? 2. Are you a subscriber to any library? 3. When did you join this library? 4. How often do you go to the library to exchange books? 5. What department do you usually attend? 6. What do you look through if you don’t know a code of the book? 7. What do you usually do if you cannot find the book you need at the lending department? 8. Do you often go to the reference hall to consult various reference books? 9. Is there a reading room at the library which you usually go to? 10. Is there a library at your University? 11. What kind of books do you borrow from your University library? 12. Have you got a private library? 13. What books do you prefer? 14. What genre of literature do you find fascinating? 15. What do you prefer: classical literature or works by modern writers? 16. Do you read foreign literature in the original? 17. What are your favourite Russian (foreign) writers?


III. Memorize, reproduce.
1
Reader: I’d like to read some books in my leisure time.
Librarian: And what’s your special taste in fiction?
Reader: As a matter of fact, I like modern writers best.
Librarian: Then I would recommend this novel. It is much spoken about at present.
2
Reader: Have you got anything interesting about Africa?
Librarian: Do you mean fiction, adventure stories or reference books?
Reader: Adventures, please, if you have any handy.
Librarian: Here’s one, though I’m not sure it’s really exciting. But as you know tastes differ.
3
Reader: I can’t decide which books to take out.
Librarian: Perhaps I can help you make your choice.
Reader: Do you have any books on the Civil War?
Librarian: Yes, we have several. Here is a good one about military battles.
Reader: Thank you. I’d like to check it out.
4
Mike: Does your family subscribe to any newspaper?
John: Yes, we have a local paper. We could also subscribe to the New York Times for the Sunday edition, but we don’t.
Mike: Then you have to pick it up every Sunday, don’t you?
John: Yes, but I don’t mind.
Mike: Could you ever do without the Sunday paper?
John: I think I could, but my father couldn’t. He always has to have his Sunday Times.

IV. Answer the questions using the following phrases.
I suppose/believe/guess; It seems to me; As far as I know; If I’m not mistaken; Frankly speaking; It depends; (I have) no idea; As a matter of fact.
1. What English (American) writers do you know? 2. Do you like classical or modern writers (poets)? 3. What classical English (American) writers are popular in our country? 4. Can you name some books by modern foreign writers translated into Russian? 5. What other books were written by this writer? 6. What do you know about Bernard Shaw, Irvin Shaw, Irvin Stone? 7. Have you read any books by these writers? 8. Why are the books by Jack London and Ernest Hemingway popular with our young people? 9. What book by English (American) writer would you like to read in the original? 10. When do you think you will be able to read English fiction (magazines, journals) in the original? 11. What books have you read lately?

V. Make up questions upon the model.
Model: Teacher: Ask your friend if he is fond of reading/likes reading.
Student: Are you fond of reading?
Do you like reading?
Ask him: 1) what kind of books he prefers; 2) if he likes poems; 3) how often he goes to the library to exchange books; 4) what kind of reading he can do in the reading room; 5) if he has a subscription to some periodicals; 6) how long he can keep books taken from the library; 7) what newspaper he reads daily; 8) in what case he uses reference books; 9) what kind of books he generally buys; 10) if he likes lending his own books, who to; 11) if he ever borrows books, who from; 12) if he is going to collect a library of his own: when; 13) if he likes science fiction, why; 14) how many fiction books he has at present.

VI. Do you know that…
…according to the UNESCO statistics, the Soviet Union was not only the most-read nation in the world, but also held the lead in publishing translated literature.
…more than 2 000 book titles translated from all the languages of the world were being published annually in the Soviet Union.

VII. Learn the following dialogue by heart.
Discussing Books
Peter: What kind of books are you interested in?
John: I’m interested in everything: fiction, travel books, historical novels, books with social problems and so on.
Peter: Have you read any of the English writers?
John: Well, I have read the books most of us used to read in our school days: a few plays by Shakespeare, some poems by Byron, a novel or two by Dickens.
Peter: Have you got many books of your own?
John: Oh, yes, I’ve got quite a lot. I’ve been collecting them for years. It’s my spare time occupation.
Peter: Could I borrow some interesting book from your private library?
John: Certainly. Come to see me on Sunday and I’ll help you choose some book worth reading.

VIII. Improvise a talk on books using the dialogue from Exercise VII as a model.

IX. Read, translate the dialogues and act out one of them to your choice.
1
Librarian: So now you are a subscriber to our library.
Smith: Yes. You have a good choice of books here.
Librarian: Did you enjoy the book you borrowed last?
Smith: I enjoyed it very much. It was a real thriller.
Librarian: Are you keen on reading historical novels? I could recommend you one that has been a great success lately.
Smith: Well, I’m afraid I’m not much of a reader in that line. I’d rather have something by our contemporary poets.
Librarian: There, I think that would be just the thing for you.
Smith: This is it! Thanks a lot!
2
Brown: Good afternoon.
Librarian: Good afternoon.
Brown: I’d like to become a subscriber to your library.
Librarian: Very well. You have to fill in this library card.
Brown: Here you are.
Librarian: One moment, please. I’ll make out your admission card. Here you are.
Brown: Thank you. I need a number of works on English grammar. Have you got those?
Librarian: This, I am sorry to say, is out at present. We can put you on the waiting list, if you like. As for the rest, I think we have them all. Now please fill in these request slips. Well, here are your books. Sign here, please.
Brown: What are the terms for borrowers in your library?
Librarian: You may borrow not more than five books at a time, and you may keep them for up to ten days. If you wish to keep them longer you have to return them for renewal.
Brown: And what are your hours of lending service?
Librarian: From 12 a.m. to 9 p.m. daily, Friday excepted.
Brown: Thank you very much. Good-bye.
Librarian: You are welcome. Good-bye.

X. Practise the patterns in examples of your own. The following words and phrases may be helpful.
to renew the subscription; to check out/pick out...; to look up... (for); to see/look through; to lend; to borrow; back issues; non-fiction books.
Speech Patterns
Do you want me to renew this book?
Вы хотите, чтобы я продлил эту книгу?
What journal do you want me to look through?
Какой журнал вы хотите, чтобы я просмотрел?

XI. Read the following dialogue. Try to imagine the field of interests of the family described in it in general and their literary tastes in particular.
About Leisure Reading
Mrs L.: What do you want to do tonight, Frank?
Mr L.: Let’s stay at home for a change and catch up on our reading. A lot of new magazines have just come in and I want to finish that “whodunit”. By the way, where is the latest Times?
Mrs L.: We didn’t get this week’s issue. Our subscription has run out, I guess. Do you want me to renew it?
Mr L.: Well, we don’t really need it. I prefer to get the Atlantic Monthly instead of another news magazine. By the way, I haven’t seen tonight’s paper yet. Where is it?
Mrs L.: It was delivered about 15 minutes ago. You can read the news now and I’ll go to the Public Library to return a couple of books.
Mr L.: That biography of John Adams is overdue. Will you take that book too, please.
Mrs L.: Do you want to renew it for another two weeks?
Mr L.: No, not now. I’ll check it out again some time. Pick out a couple of light novels and a non-fiction book.
Mrs L.: All right. Maybe they put some new books on the rental shelves.
Mr L.: By the way, dear, will you look up something for me in the reference room? I need some statistics from the new census and we haven’t received any material at the office.
Mrs L.: Where can I find them?
Mr L.: Try the latest World Almanac. The librarian can probably give you some suggestion, too.
Words and Phrases
deliver (mail (Am.)/post) – доставлять (почту)
census – перепись населения
Phrases to Remember
for a change – для разнообразия
let’s catch up on our reading – восполним пробелы в нашем чтении
the book is overdue – книга просрочена

XII. Memorize and practise the formula of politeness.
“Will you kindly let me know when the book is returned?” – “(I  will) by all means. Don’t worry.”

XIII. Complete the sentences using the following words and phrases.
rental shelves; reference books; to renew; to prefer; to catch up (on); to deliver; a subscription; to be a hit/success; for a change
1. You don’t often see some really good books on _____________. 2. The latest book by this writer is considered to be _____________. 3. On holidays lots of people try to _____________ on their reading. 4. My friend is fond of travel books but I _____________ science fiction. 5. If you can’t get through the book in two weeks’ time,  you can _____________ it. 6. If you need some information, you can look it up in the _____________. 7. Newspapers are generally _____________ early in the morning. 8. I’m not very keen on reading fiction but from time to time I read some light novel _____________. 9. The National Geographic Magazine costs one dollar a copy, so some people prefer to have _____________ ($ 8.00 a year).

XIV. Make up and act out a dialogue using words and phrases from the dialogue of Exercise XI.
Situation: You want to catch up on your reading. Imagine you have a talk with the librarian who gives you a piece of advice.
XV. Describe: a) the library you go to; b) your private library.

XVI. Read Text A and describe the ways  people read.
A. On Reading
From A.S. Hornby
My dear friend,
You ask me for advice on reading. That’s a very difficult thing to do. How can I possibly know what will interest other people? If you are fond of detective stories (Agatha Christie, Simenon and other modern favourites), you will read them quickly, you’ll “swallow” them. If a book is on an important subject, and a subject you are interested in, you’ll want to read it more slowly and “digest” it. If the book is in English, that may mean slow progress for you. But I don’t advise you to read too slowly. And don’t start reading a book unless you see, from the first few pages, that you can read it with ease and understanding – “don’t try to run before you can walk”. There are plenty of books that have been rewritten in simple language and shortened too, if necessary. Don’t stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know. Read the whole chapter quickly. Quite often you’ll find the unknown word comes again, perhaps several times, and by the end of the chapter you’ll have found out its meaning by intuition. The need to use a dictionary perhaps ten or twenty times a page makes reading very dull and tiring.
Words
to swallow – глотать; зд. быстро читать
to digest – переваривать; зд. читать вдумчиво
to chew – жевать, обдумывать
XVII. Give your opinion of the recommended method of reading books in English. Try to use this method while reading Text B.

XVIII. Comment on the saying.
“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”
Say: Do you agree with the suggested “classification”? What is your manner of reading?


Speech Patterns to Text B
She couldn’t afford buying many books.
Она не могла себе позволить покупать много книг.
Why don’t you subscribe to this magazine?
Почему вам не подписаться на этот журнал?
I can’t afford it. It costs too much.
Я не могу себе этого позволить. Это слишком дорого.
He is in the habit of reading detective novels for relaxation.
Он имеет обыкновение читать детективные романы для отдыха.
He has got the habit of rereading books he likes most.
Он привык перечитывать книги, которые ему очень нравятся.

XIX. Practise the patterns in examples of your own.

XX. Read Text B.
B. American Housewives Discuss Books
After Charles Mergendahl
(Mamie, the hostess, has four luncheon guests on a hot summer day.)
“Speaking of heat,” Mamie, the hostess said, feeling it was time for a more serious discussion, “have you read The Heat of the Day by Elizabeth Blinker Owen or Dinker Blowen or something like that?”
“I’m afraid I haven’t read it,” Shelley said.
“That’s all I can do in this heat,” Clo said looking at Shelley, “just read four books a week.”
“And all of them detective stories,” Mamie smiled ironically.
“Well, really, Mamie, I am a member of the Reader’s Club and I think people who run the Club know more about books than you do,” Clo said this because she knew that Mamie could not afford to be a member of the Club.
“Well, really,” Mamie replied, “as to me, I don’t let other people pick out the books for me. Elizabeth Gaudge’s latest book was not a Reader’s Club selection. I read that book twice, and it’s terribly inspirational...”
“Who wants to be inspired?” Clo was feeling pleasantly superior.
“Well, I do!” Mamie looked at Norma. “What do you think, Norma? Don’t you think inspirational books are the only constructive kind of reading?” Norma brightened and said: “Yes, for instance The Robe by Lloyd Douglas.” Mamie looked triumphantly at Clo. She reminded herself to invite Norma Schultz more often. She was an intelligent girl. And sensitive too. She probably had read even some of those serious non-fiction books written by generals and reporters, and about Asia and places like that.
Marjorie smiled modestly over her glasses. “Our bookcase is almost full,” she said.
“Well,” Mamie said politely, “I must say, Marjorie, that you do have the biggest library at home. All those beautiful books, they must give you so much comfort.”
“They do brighten the room so much,” replied Marjorie. “I always thought books were the most wonderful decoration.”
Mamie interrupted her, “I mean inner comfort... for your soul.” Marjorie lowered her eyes. “Really, I haven’t much time to read them. And then I hate to see them all dirtied up, and the jackets tear so easily.”
For a moment there was silence. Shelley was looking into her plate. She knew they were watching her. Finally, it was Mamie, her hostess, who said, “What about you, Shelley? Have you read any good books lately?” “I’m afraid I haven’t. I’m afraid I don’t read much really, and...” “But you must read. Everybody reads,” said Mamie...
The trouble with Shelley Cousins was that she had gone to College and majored in English literature. But she didn’t have an academic mind, and as her own feelings changed, so did the selection of the books she read. She had never been able to get the habit of reading only popular fiction for relaxation, like Clo Morris, or of reading “inspirational” books and magazines like Mamie, or of just collecting books to fill a case, like Marjorie. To her books were really important. Somehow they made up a part of her and worked their way into her very being, like food or drink or love.
Words and Phrases
host/hostess – хозяин/хозяйка дома
luncheon/lunch – обед
heat – жара, жаркая погода
to inspire – вдохновлять, стимулировать
to feel superior – чувствовать превосходство
to brighten – зд. оживляться
to remind – напоминать
sensitive – зд. чуткая, тонкая натура
modest – скромный
comfort – зд. удовлетворение
to interrupt – прерывать
for your soul – «для души»
to hate – ненавидеть
(book) jackets – (книжные) переплеты; обложки
to tear – рвать(ся)
they worked their way into her very being, like... – зд. они были для нее так же необходимы, как...
XXI. Comment on the literary tastes and intellect of the four luncheon guests and their hostess.
XXII. Say: Which of the four guests could have made the following remark: “No furniture is so charming as books, even if you never open them and read a single word”?

XXIII. Mind different meanings of the word like. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. What kind of books do you like? 2. I should like to buy this reference book. 3. She wanted to start collecting books like her brother. 4. She and her brother are very much like each other. 5. What does Ann look like? I haven’t ever seen her. 6. I don’t feel like going anywhere tonight. 7. I’d like to read about travels or adventures or something like that/of this kind. 8. Don’t speak with me like that/in that way/manner.
XXIV. Make up sentences using the word like in different meanings.
XXV. Translate the following sentences.
1. В нашем университете есть библиотека с большим количеством книг разных авторов. 2. Чтобы взять книгу в библиотеке, вы должны быть ее читателем. 3. В отделе абонемента вы можeте просмотреть алфавитный и систематический каталоги. 4. – Заполните листок читательского требования, пожалуйста. – А что я должен написать? – Напишите вашу фамилию, номер читательского билета, шифр книги, фамилию ее автора и ее название. – Большое спасибо. 5. – Чем могу вам помочь? – Мне нужна газета «Московские новости». – Вам следует пройти в читальный зал. Там есть большой книжный шкаф, на полках которого вы найдете подшивки газет, журналов и других периодических изданий. – Спасибо. 6. От всего сердца советую вам прочитать рассказы С. Моэма и роман «Прощай оружие», написанный Хемингуэем. 7. Я сейчас читаю детективы А. Кристи. Они очень захватывающие! Такие книги как раз по моему вкусу. 8. – Андрей только что прочитал «Трое в лодке, не считая собаки» Джерома К. Джерома. Он говорит, что книга очень забавная, полна юмора, а язык книги очень живой и выразительный. – Он читал ее в оригинале? – Я не думаю, это довольно трудно. 9. Библиотекарь посоветовала мне взять рассказы Бредбери. Но я так не люблю научную фантастику. У меня нет терпения читать фантастические книги. Они кажутся мне скучными и мрачными. 10. – Мне нужно заглянуть в библиотеку. Преподаватель порекомендовал справочник. Он может быть мне полезен. – Мы вряд ли найдем его на абонементе, лучше пойти в справочный отдел. – Да, ты права.

XXVI. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. Give your reason. The following phrases may be helpful.
Certainly (not); That’s right; I quite agree; I think so; No doubt about it; I’m perfectly sure about it; Not quite; On the contrary; Just the opposite; I don’t think so; I greatly doubt it.
1. Reading English fiction with a dictionary is terribly dull. 2. If the book is very exciting, you “swallow” it. 3. Nobody reads reference books for relaxation. 4. Reading thick science fiction books is tiring. 5. Very intelligent people don’t read detective stories. 6. Non-fiction books can’t be inspirational. 7. Travel books give you a lot of useful information. 8. Unfortunately many young people are not in the habit of reading poetry. 9. Great book-lovers never lend their books. 10. Lots of people buy books for their bright and beautiful jackets. 11. Bookcases and bookshelves are the best kind of decoration for a living-room. 12. It’s of no use collecting back issues of magazines and newspapers.
XXVII. Speak about: a) your literary taste; b) your favourite writer.

XXVIII. Read the text and describe your local library.
Books and Libraries
There are different kinds of libraries: public libraries, children’s libraries, school libraries, personal libraries, scientific libraries and even travelling libraries.
If you want to borrow books from a library, subscribe to it. But first you must learn the rules of the library.
To register as a library user you will need to bring proof that you are a member of the University and a photograph.
When you enter a library you can see long rows of shelves, and in many libraries readers can go round and choose what they want.
The library is organized around subjects. Each of the departments is devoted to a subject area and contains all books, journals and reference materials related to that area. Journals and books are shelved in alphabetical sequences. The library stock is currently being added. If the book you want is on loan you may reserve this book.

XXIX. Read Text C.
C. Mr Sellyer is Selling Books
One day I went to a bookshop to look through new books. Mr Sellyer showed me to the back of the shop where I could find some interesting books. While I was looking through the books, I could watch Mr Sellyer at work and see some of his methods.
A fashionably dressed woman was standing at the counter and Mr Sellyer was showing a book to her.
“You are quite sure it’s the latest?” the lady was saying to Mr Sellyer. “Oh, yes, Mrs Rassellyeer,” answered the manager. “This is Mr Slush’s latest book. It’s having a wonderful sale.”
I looked at the title, the name of the book was Golden Dreams.
Another lady entered the bookshop. She was in deep mourning and looked like a widow. She asked the manager to show her some new book.
“Something new in fiction?” repeated the manager. “Yes, Madam, here’s a charming thing Golden Dreams. The critics say that it’s one of the sweetest things written by this author.”
“Is it a good book?” asked the lady.
“A charming one,” said the manager. “It’s a love story – very simple and sweet and wonderfully charming. My wife was reading it aloud only last night. She was crying all the time while she was reading it.”
The lady bought Golden Dreams and left the shop.
“Have you any good light reading for vacation time?” asked the next customer. “Yes,” said Mr Sellyer. “Golden Dreams is the most humorous book of the season. My wife was reading it aloud only yesterday. She was laughing all the time while she was reading it.”
The lady paid for the book and went out.
So every customer who entered the shop went away with Golden Dreams. To one lady the manager sold Golden Dreams as the reading for a holiday, to another as the book to read after the holiday, another bought it to read on a rainy day and the fourth as the right book for a fine day.
When I was leaving the bookshop, I went up to the manager and asked him, “Do you like the book yourself?”
“Dear me!” said the manager. “I’ve no idea of the book. I’ve no time to read every book I’m selling.” “And did your wife really like the book?” “I’m not married, Sir,” answered the manager smiling.
Words and Phrases
fashionably dressed – модно одетая
counter – прилавок
in deep mourning – в глубоком трауре
customer – покупатель
Phrases to Remember
The book sells well (is having a wonderful sale).
Эта книга имеет большой спрос.
It’s the right book for those who want to start reading English in the original.
Это подходящая книга для тех, кто...
XXX. Say what’s the main idea of this humorous story.
XXXI. Discuss the problems of book-sales: a) in what case the books sell fast; b) why some books are unsold for months and years.

XXXII. Comment on the sayings.
1. “The person who doesn’t read has no advantage over the person who cannot.” 2. “Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.”

XXXIII. An appraisal of a book or film. Work in groups of three. Here are two appraisals of a book. Read them carefully. Compare their organization, and the way they present points.
1
I once read a book called “The Collector”. “It is about a man who kidnaps a girl, and she eventually dies. It’s quite a horrible story, but I liked it. Ferdinand Clegg is very inhibited with women, he doesn’t know how to talk to them, so he kidnaps a girl he’s seen in the town. He keeps her in a cottage and takes her photograph. In the end she dies but he didn’t kill her. It was written by John Fowles. I liked it very much.
2
“The Collector” is a novel written by John Fowles. It was first published in 1963, and it is a sort of horror story. It is one of the most sinister books I have ever read. It holds your attention from the start and becomes more shocking as it progresses. “The Collector” is a good title. The “hero”, Ferdinand Clegg, collects butterflies, but he adds to his collection the girl of his dreams, Miranda, who is an art student. We learn enough about his background, an orphan brought up by his aunt and uncle, to have some understanding of his behaviour. He is a very lonely character and painfully shy, especially with women. We see him following Miranda from a distance, fascinated by her every move. There is a turning point when he wins some money, and his plans become a reality. He buys a remote country cottage, captures Miranda and keeps here there just to look at and admire. All he wants of her is to take her photograph. She is his latest and most precious “butterfly”. One of the most interesting aspects of the story is the portrayal of Miranda, as she tries to handle the bizarre situation she finds herself in. Her behaviour goes to extremes – from trying to understand Ferdinand and be his friend to violence and trying to escape. In the end she falls ill and dies, while he does nothing to help. The reader feels all Miranda’s hopes and fears until the final dreadful outcome. This is a book which, once you have started, is impossible to put down.
Divide the second version into paragraphs. What is the purpose of each paragraph? What tense is used to tell the story and describe the characters? Why, do you think?
Underline any words or expressions which you think are useful to describe a book or film (example: a novel written by).
Why are the words “hero” and “butterfly” in quotation marks?
XXXIV. Prepare your own appraisal of a book.

XXXV. Comment on the joke.
A Close Translation
Smith: My cousin translates scientific articles from German into English. Now, for instance, he is translating an article by Einstein.
Black: Is he really translating so great a scientist?
Smith: Yes, he is. And an exceptionally good translation I consider it.
Black: Do you? Is there anything particularly good about it?
Smith: Certainly there is. It is a perfectly close translation.
Black: A close translation? How can you judge about it?
Smith: Why! In all the places where I don’t understand Einstein in the original I don’t understand him in my cousin’s translation either.


XXXVI. Read the poem (consulting a dictionary by O. Holms. Try to make a free translation of the poem (in writing) or its rhymed version (if you can). Express the main idea in brief.
If all the trees in all the woods were men
And each and every blade of grass – a pen,
If every leaf on every bush and tree turned to a sheet of paper;
Every sea were changed to ink and all the living tribes
Had nothing to do but act as scribes,
And for ten thousand ages, day and night,
The human race should write and write and write,
Till all the pens and paper were used up,
And the huge inkstand was an empty cup,
Still would the writers gather round its brink
Call for more pens, more paper and more ink.

XXXVII. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Ты уже прочитал детектив, который взял на прошлой неделе? – Да. 2. Ты читал эту книгу в оригинале или в переводе? – В оригинале. Я читал ее вчера с двух до пяти и не посмотрел новый фильм, о котором ты говорил мне. 3. Я никогда не читал книг Хемингуэя. 4. Я видел вчера в библиотеке Олега, он обменивал книги. 5. Я только что закончил читать эту книгу и собираюсь взять в библиотеке еще что-нибудь. 6. Чтобы записаться в библиотеку, необходимо принести паспорт, библиотекарь заполнит ваш формуляр и даст вам читательский билет. 7. Мне нужно сходить в библиотеку сдать сборник стихов и продлить срок пользования двумя книгами, они нужны мне для реферата. 8. Вам нужен справочник? Заполните листок читательского требования. 9. Я вчера была в отделе абонемента областной библиотеки и нашла очень интересную книгу Герберта Уэллса – научную фантастику. 10. Он не смог взять этот роман, он был на руках; у них есть в книгохранилище один экземпляр, но им можно пользоваться только в читальном зале. 11. На какой срок можно брать книги в юношеской библиотеке? – Можно брать 5 книг сразу на 10 дней. 12. Он потерял свой читательский билет. 13. Что нужно писать в листке читательского требования? – Вашу фамилию, номер читательского билета, шифр книги, фамилию автора и название книги.
XXXVIII. Using additional material hold a round-table talk “Famous Writers and Poets”.

AT THE THEATRE
Vocabulary
theatre – театр
hall – (зрительный) зал
stage – сцена
pit – амфитеатр
stalls – партер
box – ложа
gallery – галерка
dress circle – бельэтаж
curtain – занавес
wings – кулисы
footlights – рампа
row – ряд
foyer – фойе
aisle – проход (между рядами)
lobby – вестибюль
cloak-room – раздевалка, гардероб
usher – билетер
company – труппа
producer – режиссер
Honoured artist – Заслуженный артист
People’s artist – Народный артист
cast – состав исполнителей
tour – гастрольная поездка
leading role,  title role – главная роль
costume – костюм
scenery – декорации
sets – декорации (данной сцены)
drama – драма
playwright – драматург
acting – игра, исполнение
applause – аплодисменты
to applaud – аплодировать
to burst into applause – разразиться аплодисментами
play-goer (theatre-goer) – театрал
audience – публика, зрители
opera-glasses – бинокль
first night – премьера
matinee – утренний спектакль
dress rehearsal – генеральная репетиция
puppet theatre – кукольный театр
Opera and Ballet House – Оперный театр
overture – увертюра
composer – композитор
orchestra – оркестр
conductor – дирижер
encore – браво, бис
superb – великолепный
first-rate – первоклассный
to stage – ставить (пьесу)
the scene is laid – действие происходит
the lights went up (down) – огни зажглись (погасли)
to be a success (with the public) – иметь успех (у публики)
to be a great hit with the audience – иметь успех у публики
to be a failure with – не иметь успеха у публики
“All Sold Out” sign – объявление «Все билеты проданы»
it is next to impossible to – почти невозможно
to leave much to be desired – оставлять желать лучшего
behind the wings (scenes) – за кулисами
to be on (at a theatre) – идти (в театре)
operette ['ƒp‚'ret‚] – оперетта
Names of Plays
“Inspector General” (by Gogol) – «Ревизор»
“The Cherry Orchard” (by Chekhov) – «Вишневый сад»
“The Seagull” (by Chekhov) – «Чайка»
“Resurrection” (by Tolstoy) – «Воскресение»
“The Power of Darkness” (by Tolstoy) – «Власть тьмы»
“The Lower Depths” (by Gorky) – «На дне»
“The Philistines” (by Gorky) – «Мещане»
“Poverty is no Vice” (by Gorky) – «Бедность не порок»
“Talents and Admirers” (by Ostrovsky) – «Таланты и поклонники»
“The Doverless Girl” (by Ostrovsky) – «Бесприданница»
“No Accounts are Needed between Near Relatives” (by Ostrovsky) – «Свои люди – сочтемся»
“The Lost Son” (by Arbusov) – «Потерянный сын»
“The School for Scandal” (by Sheridan) – «Школа злословия»
“King Lear” (by Shakespeare) – «Король Лир»
“The Taming of the Shrew” (by Shakespeare) – «Укрощение строптивой»
“All is Well that Ends Well” (by Shakespeare) – «Все хорошо, что хорошо кончается»
“A Midsummer Night’s Dream” (by Shakespeare) – «Сон в летнюю ночь»
Names of Operas
“Evgene Onegin” (by Tchaikovsky) – «Евгений Онегин»
“The Queen of Spades” (by Tchaikovsky) – «Пиковая дама»
“The Mermaid” (by Dargomyzhsky) – «Русалочка»
“Prince Igor” (by Borodin) – «Князь Игорь»
“The Snow-Maiden” (by Rimsky-Korsakov) – «Снегурочка»
“The Tsar’s Bride” (by Rimsky-Korsakov) – «Царская невеста»
“The Marriage of Figaro” (by Mozart) – «Женитьба Фигаро»
“The Barber of Seville” (by Rossini) – «Севильский цирюльник»
Names of Ballets
“Swan Lake” (by Tchaikovsky) – «Лебединое озеро»
“The Sleeping Beauty” (by Tchaikovsky) – «Спящая красавица»
“The Nutcracker” (by Tchaikovsky) – «Щелкунчик»
“Don Quihot” (by Minkus) – «Дон Кихот»
“The Bronze Horseman” (by Gliere) – «Медный всадник»
“Cinderella” (by Prokofiev) – «Золушка»
“The Flame of Paris” (by Asafiev) – «Пламя Парижа»
“Merry Wives of Windsor” (by Oransky) – «Виндзорские проказницы»

At the Theatre
There are 6 theatres in Novosibirsk. The Siberian Bolshoy, as it is called in Russia’s press, has become internationally famous. The first performance of the Siberian Theatre of Opera and Ballet was given on Victory Day in 1945 to celebrate the surrender of nazi Germany.
I am a theatre-goer and every month my friend and I visit theatres. Last Saturday my friend bought in advance two tickets for an evening performance of the ballet “Swan Lake” by Tchaikovsky. We arrived at the theatre long before the performance began for there were three of us and we were one ticket short. A notice on the box-office of the theatre said: “Sold Out”. So we stood at the entrance asking people as they were going in if they had a spare ticket. At last we managed to buy a ticket.
We left our coats in the cloak-room and I got a programme from the usher to see what the cast was. I was very glad to find out that Krupenina and Berdishev were in the leading parts. When we arrived at the hall we saw many people walking down the gangway looking for their seats. The orchestra were tuning their instruments. We found our seats which were in the stalls, and went to look over the theatre. There were many people in the pit, the dress-circle and the gallery.
At 7 sharp the lights went out. The conductor appeared and the overture began. After the overture the curtain went up. I was in raptures at what I saw on the stage. The setting and the dancing were superb. The ballet seemed to me a fairy-tale. When the curtain fell the house burst into applause. I applauded so much that my hands ached. During the first interval we went to the refreshment room.
When the last curtain fell cries of “encore” sounded all over the theatre. The dancers received call after call and were presented with large bouquets of flowers. The performance was a great success with the public.

I. Answer the questions to the text above.
1. Which is the best theatre in Novosibirsk? Why do you think it is the best? 2. How often do you go to the theatre? When was the last time you went to the theatre? 3. What play (opera, drama, ballet) did you see (hear)? Who wrote it? What actors (dancers, singers) were in it? 4. Where are the best seats in the theatre, at the front or at the back? Is it the same in the cinema? 5. What is the price of admission? 6. Why do people buy the programme at the theatre? 7. When do actors receive calls? 8. Which plays that are on now in your city are a success? 9. When do you book seats for the theatre? 10. What kind of play do you prefer, a comedy or a tragedy? Who is your favourite playwright (a scriptwriter)? 11. At what time do performances begin? Is there an interval after every act? 12. How long do intervals last? What do people usually do during the interval? At what time do performances end? 13. What plays (operas, ballets) do you know in the repertoire of the drama (Opera House) theatre? 14. Which of them have already had a long run? Is it an easy thing to get a ticket for such plays?

II. Give English equivalents to each of the following words. Use them in short situations of your own.
Зрительный зал, билетер, касса, сцена, декорации, первые ряды партера, амфитеатр, галерка, дневной спектакль, иметь успех, аплодисменты, увертюра, антракт, репертуар.

III. Explain the meaning of the following words, expressions. Use them in situations of your own.
a theatre-goer, to book seats, a theatre, a theatre programme, stalls, a matinee, the cast, the play has had a long run.

IV. Complete the following sentences.
1. During the interval we _____________. 2. It’s not at all easy to book _____________. 3. The last act of the tragedy produced ____________. 4. If it were not a matinee, I _____________. 5. If there are no tickets in the box-office, we _______________. 6. If you had a programme, you ______________. 7. I like operas, where ____________. 8. We bought a programme from ________________. 9. The dancers received calls ______________. 10. The conductor appeared and the _____________.
V. Retell the text.
VI. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements, using one of the given expressions. Give your reasons.
Expressions of agreement: Expressions of disagreement:
1. I quite agree with you. 1. Oh, no, I disagree with you.
2. Yes, indeed. 2. You are wrong.
3. That’s right. 3. On the contrary.
4. Right you are.
5. I’m of the same opinion.
6. I think (hope, suppose, expect) so.
1. So you will book tickets yourself. 2. I think that Pokidchenko will be a great success in this play. 3. I think that the overture to the opera “Carmen” is one of the best. 4. The play was first-rate from beginning to end. 5. You prefer musical comedy to drama, don’t you? 6. They say the opera “War and Peace” is on at the Opera House. 7. You like matinees, don’t you? 8. There was a storm of applause after the end of the play. 9. Chekhov is a modern playwright.

VII. Render the following dialogues: a) in pairs; b) in indirect speech. Compose your own dialogues.
1
– Hallo, Tanya. Where have you been to?
– To the Vakhtangov Theatre.
– What was on?
– “An Irkutsk Story” by Arbusov. Have you seen it?
– At the theatre you mean? No, I haven’t. I saw the Okhlopkov production on television last night and I quite enjoyed it. Did you like the play?
– Immensely.
– Have you got the programme about you? I’d like to see what the cast was. Was the acting good?
– Very good. The applause was endless and Borisova who played the leading part received call after call.
– You speak so enthusiastically of the show that I suppose I’ll have to see it too.
– It will be on next week. I’m sure you’ll enjoy it tremendously.
– I hope I shall.
2
– Yesterday I called on you and your sister told me that you had gone to the Opera House. What was on?
– “Romeo and Juliet” by Prokofiev. It was superb.
– How did you manage to book seats? I know tickets are hard to get for this show. Whenever this ballet is on there’s always a notice on the theatre “Sold Out”.
– Yes, it’s usually extremely crowded, but it’s easier to get tickets for a matinee. As for me I got the tickets at the advance box-office.
– Where were your seats?
– In a box very close to the stage. But you know I was a bit unfortunate that time. I was a couple of minutes late through my own fault. When the lights were almost out I discovered that I had left my opera-glasses in my coat-pocket. I rushed to the cloak-room to get them and when I returned the curtain had already gone up, and I wasn’t allowed in. Latecomers must wait till the interval. So I watched the first act from the balcony.
– You were really unlucky.

VIII. Speak on the following topics.
1. Your first visit to the theatre.
2. A play that is popular now.
3. Why you like opera more than musical comedy.
4. A play that you find dull.
5. A play that has impressed you.
6. Why you like going to the theatre.
7. What you talk about with your friend after the curtain has fallen.
8. Your favourite playwright.
9. Theatres of Novosibirsk.

IX. Make up stories to illustrate the following sayings.
1. Art is long and time is fleeting. 2. A good laugh is sunshine in a house. 3. Music is the universal language of mankind. (Longfellow) 4. Concealed talent brings no reputation. (Erasmus) 5. Talent is work.

X. Render the following jokes in indirect speech.
1
– Yesterday evening the play went splendidly, better than ever before.
– Hm. Is that so? Who was playing your role then?
2
At an opera theatre during the rehearsal of a love scene the producer adresses the singer who is a hopeless actor:
– You sing so that one can think you have never been in a similar situation.
– I have, but I wasn’t singing at that time.
3
During an opera the spectator turns to his friend:
– That singer is driving me mad.
– Shall we go then?
– Certainly not. In the third act he is killed and I can’t deny myself the pleasure of seeing that.
4
Bernard Shaw got an invitation to see a new play. After the performance the producer asked the writer: “What’s the difference between comedy, drama and tragedy?” “Young man,” answered Bernard Shaw, “the fact that you don’t know the difference between comedy, drama and tragedy is, for me, personally – comedy, for the spectators – drama, and for you – tragedy”.
5
Bernard Shaw missed the beginning of the performance. The attendant opening the door of the box asked him to sit down without making noise. “What, has the audience already gone to sleep?” asked Show.
6
– There is nothing more irritating for an actor than to hear the steps of spectators entering the hall during the performance.
– No, there is something worse.
– What?
– To hear the steps of spectators leaving the hall.
7
– I think all geniuses are selfconfident.
– Not at all. I, for example, am not.

XI. Riddles.
1. When is a manager of a theatre like an astronomer?
(when discovers a new “star”)
2. What musical instrument should we never believe in?
(a lyre)
3. What word of three syllables tells you at what time you should dance?
(at-ten-dance)
4. What islands are very good singers?
(the Canaries)
XII. Find a picture of a theatre and describe it.
XIII. Translate into Russian and retell the texts.
The British Theatre
Theatre organization in Great Britain is such that only a few theatres have their own permanent companies. Theatres in Great Britain are of two main types: subsidized and commercial.
Subsidized theatres (supported by a subsidy from the state or the local authorities) have a permanent company of directors, actors, designers, etc., and each season stage several productions which are presented in the repertoire. The most well-known of them are: the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-on-Avon, the Aldwich Theatre in London, the National Theatre. As a rule most provincial towns of a certain size have a subsidized theatre.
Commercial theatres are those which receive no subsidy either from the state or from the local authorities. They are privately owned theatres. A commercial theatre is simply a building with no resident company; it is run by a manager. Commercial theatres are governed by “the long run system”. The manager engages a director to stage a particular production. Then the director chooses actors and the play is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time. Then the production opens. Since only one production is put on at a time, it is presented every evening (sometimes there are two performances of the same production each evening) and runs as long as enough tickets are sold to make it commercially profitable – which may last for several years. When the income from the sale of tickets falls, the play is taken off and the theatre manager arranges for another production to be staged, usually by a different director who generally chooses different actors.
London Theatre
London today is one of the greatest centres of drama in the world with something like 50 theatres. Most of the London theatres are of the commercial type. They are nearly all situated in the West End (39 theatres are usually open there annually).
Still standing on its site is the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which was opened in 1663. It is one of the groups of very large theatres including the Coliseum, one of the biggest in London, and the principal home of operetta, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. These theatres are chiefly devoted to large-scale musical productions.
The Royal Shakespeare Company’s theatre in London is the Aldwich Theatre where the Company appears from June to March. Its repertoire consists of some modern plays so well as other classics (along with the plays of Shakespeare).
The National Theatre is a complex consisting of three theatres situated on the South Bank of the Thames beside Waterloo Bridge.
The Olivier Theatre, the largest (1600 seats) is the theatre of classical repertoire.
The Lyttleeton (890 seats) is the theatre for new writing.
The Cottesloe Theatre, the smallest of the three (about 400 seats), is intended to be used for experimental writing and productions.
Opera and ballet are traditionally much less popular than drama in Great Britain and there are relatively few Opera Houses there. The main Opera House is the above mentioned Royal Opera House (opera and ballet) known as Covent Garden, it is situated in the district.

CINEMA
Topical Vocabulary
Cinema (Кинематограф. Кино.)
to go to the cinema (pictures), movies (Am.) – ходить в кино
cinema-goer/fan – любитель ходить в кино/кинозритель
to see the film – посмотреть фильм
(film) actor/actress – (кино)актер/актриса
film star/movie star – кинозвезда
all-star film – фильм с первоклассным составом исполнителей
to star in the film – сниматься в фильме в главной роли
to play the title role, to play the main/leading part – играть главную роль
main characters – главные герои (фильма)
to produce a film – создать фильм
producer, director – постановщик фильма, режиссер
to make/shoot a film – снимать фильм
script/scenario – сценарий
scriptwriter – сценарист
screen – экран
to screen (a play) – экранизировать (пьесу)
screen version (of a novel) – экранизация (романа)
wide-screen film – широкоэкранный фильм
to release a film – выпустить фильм на экраны
to revive a film (a revival) – показывать старый фильм (показ старого фильма)
to advertise a film – рекламировать фильм
advertisement – реклама
poster – афиша
review – рецензия
Kinds of Films/Pictures (Киножанры)
sound/silent film – звуковой/немой фильм
colour film – цветной фильм
black and white film – черно-белый фильм
dubbed film – дублированный фильм
two-/many-part film/serial – двух-/многосерийный фильм
documentary film – документальный фильм
popular science film – научно-популярный фильм
newsreal/newsfilm – кинохроника/киножурнал
animated cartoon – мультипликационный фильм
Performance/Show (Сеанс)
evening/morning/8 o’clock performance/show – вечерний/утренний/8-часовой сеанс
Seats. Tickets (Места. Билеты в кино/театре)
a seat in the ... row – место в ... ряду
in the front/back rows – в передних/задних рядах
close to/near the screen – близко к экрану
far from the screen – далеко от экрана
to book a seat for/to the cinema – заказать билет в кино
to buy a ticket for the (evening) show – купить билет на (вечерний) сеанс
cheap – дешевый
expensive – дорогой
in advance/beforehand – заранее
line/queue – очередь
to stand in line/to line up for a ticket – стоять в очереди за билетом
public/audience/spectators – (кино) публика/зрители
Phrases to Remember
What’s on (at the cinema) tonight/today?
Что идет (в кино) сегодня вечером/сегодня?
What’s the film like/about?
Что это за фильм?/О чем этот фильм?
Who’s starring in the film?
Кто снимается в главных ролях в этом фильме?
Is the film worth seeing?
Стоит смотреть этот фильм?
The film is a (great) success/hit (Am.) (with the public).
Фильм пользуется (большим) успехом (у публики).
Have you enjoyed the film?
Вам понравился фильм?/Вы получили удовольствие?
This film (picture, movie) is amusing.
Этот фильм занимательный.
funny – смешной, entertaining – развлекательный, informative – познавательный, educational – воспитательный, instructive – поучительный, exciting/thrilling – волнующий, dull/boring – скучный, dragged out – растянутый, disappointing – разочаровывающий.
Suggestions and Invitations
Let’s go to the pictures. – (Давайте) пойдем в кино.
What/How about going to the cinema? – Как насчет того, чтобы пойти в кино?
Can’t we go out to the movies? – Не пойти ли нам в кино?
I’m going to the pictures. – Я иду в кино.
Would you like to join me? – Не хотите ли пойти со мной вместе?
Why not go to the cinema tonight? – Почему бы не пойти сегодня вечером в кино?
Shall we go (out) and see the film? – Пойдем посмотрим фильм.
Possible Replies
Let’s. Why not! – (Давайте) пойдем. Почему бы и нет!
Fine! (That’s) a good idea. – Прекрасно! Хорошая мысль!
I’d like/love to; with (great) pleasure. – С (большим) удовольствием.
I’m always willing/ready. – Я всегда готов.
It suits me fine/perfectly. – Это мне вполне подходит.
It’s very kind of you (to invite me). – Очень любезно с вашей стороны (что вы меня пригласили).
Unfortunately I can’t. – К сожалению, я не могу.
Sorry, I’m (terribly) busy. – К сожалению, я (очень) занят.
Thank you just the same. – Все равно/Тем не менее, спасибо.

I. a) Listen, memorize, reproduce. b) Make up dialogues combining the phrases below.
A: What are you doing this afternoon? Let’s go to the cinema. / I don’t feel like studying tonight. Shall we go out and see a film? / I’ve enough of staying at home. Can’t we go to the pictures for a change?
B: (That’s) a good idea! What’s on today? / I’d love to. What film are they showing at the local movie theatre? / Why not? Is there anything worth seeing?

A: They’re showing a new picture (with N. in the main part). / They’re reviving an old film with Jean Gabin in the leading part. / How about the screen-version of... (with N. in the title role)?
B: I’ve heard it’s a (great) success. I believe we’ll enjoy it. / They say it’s a hit with the public. / An all-star film they say. I hope it won’t be disappointing.

A: Let’s book seats for the 8 o’clock performance. / O.K. I’ll pick you up in half an hour. / Let’s hope for the best. I’ll buy seats for the last show.
B: O.K. It suits me perfectly / Thanks for the invitation. / All right. It suits me fine.

II. Answer the questions. Use the following opening phrases.
I think/believe/guess; If I’m not mistaken; Strictly/frankly speaking; As far as I know/remember; As a matter of fact; It’s hard to say; It depends...
1. How often do you go to the pictures/movies? 2. What kind of films do you prefer? 3. Who is your favourite film star? 4. What picture did you see last? 5. Do you sometimes stand in line/queue for the tickets? In what case? 6. What film are you going to see one of these days? 7. Why would you like to see this film? What have you heard or read about it? 8. What new films have been released lately? 9. How are new pictures advertised in our country? 10. What information of the new picture can you get from the advertisement or poster? 11. Which of the new movies did you like best? 12. Do you ever read any reviews of the new movies? Where?

III. Make up questions.
Ask your friend: 1) what kind of movies he likes to see; 2) if he knows what new movies are on (in town); 3) if he has seen any of these pictures yet; 4) what picture he saw last; 5) if he enjoyed the film; 6) what it is about; 7) what studio it was produced by; 8) if he ever books seats in advance; 9) where he prefers to sit (at the cinema); 10) if he prefers colour or black-and-white films; 11) what he likes best, cinema or theatre; why?

IV. Respond to the invitations. Keep the conversation going. Make use of the following replies.
Let’s; Why not!; Fine!; (That’s) a good idea!; I’d love to/with pleasure; I’m always willing; I don’t mind to; It’s very kind of you; (It) suits me fine/perfectly; I’m afraid I can’t but thanks just the same.
1. Shall we go out and see a film? 2. Can we go to the pictures tonight? 3. Look here, I have two tickets for the new picture. Will you go with me? 4. What about going to the local movie theatre to see that new French film? 5. Let’s book seats for the last evening show. 6. There is a good film on with Jane Fonda starring. Shall we go and see that? 7. I don’t feel like studying tonight. Why not go to the movies for a change?

V. Learn the dialogue by heart.
Advertising a Film
Peter: What are you going to do?
Mike: Oh, perhaps go to the cinema. Would you like to come with me?
Peter: Certainly. I’m always ready to go to the pictures.
Mike: Well, look here. I have two tickets for the new picture. I don’t know what it is like, but here’s what “The Daily News” says about it: “This is the most wonderful picture ever made: more amusing than “Charley’s Aunt”, more exciting than “Cleopatra”, more expensive than “Waterloo”, more beautiful than “Romeo and Julie”.” I don’t believe it, but if you want to go, here are the tickets.
Peter: Oh, that’s fine. Thank you, Mike.
VI. Speak of the film you liked best using the style of the Daily News advertisement.

VII. Learn the dialogue by heart.
Invitation to the Cinema
Maggie: I’ve had enough of staying at home all day. Can we go to the pictures for a change? There’s a good film on with Louis de Funes starring. Shall we go and see that?
Jim: Louis de Funes? Hm, not a bad idea! Do they say in the local paper what time it starts?
Maggie: Ten o’clock. That’s really a bit too late. Besides, we’ve seen enough of Louis de Funes lately (в последнее время). One film after another. What about driving to the West End and going to see the new French film? That starts at five. We can just make it (be in time).
Jim: The film with Anni Girardo you mean? Fine! Let’s go right away (at once).
Maggie: Oh, there’s sure to be a long queue.
Jim: Well, why not stay at home then and watch television?

VIII. Make up a dialogue inviting your friend to the pictures. Be sure to use the following words and phrases.
Can we go?; for a change; starring; (not a bad) good idea; too late; How about; long queue; We’d better stay (go); Why not; I don’t mind.

IX. Read Text A and say some words about English cinemas.
A. Cinema in England
In England the cinema is usually called “the pictures”. The American name, “the movies”, is sometimes used too. The first performance or “showing” as it is called, begins about two o’clock in the afternoon, and the show goes on from then until about half past ten. The cinema is not emptied between the “showing”, so that once you have paid for your seat you can stay in the cinema as long as you like. There is usually one main film, a shorter one, a news film, some advertisements (ads) and a “trailer” telling about the films for the next week. Cinemas used to be more crowded than they are now. Many people used to go to the cinema two or three times a week, but today people like to stay at home to watch television, particularly when it is cold and wet outside. The prices of cinema seats outside London are between three shillings and five shillings. The prices in London are higher.
Films at London cinemas start as early as 12.00 o’clock, and there are often late-night programmes starting between 23.00 o’clock and midnight. Exact times and programmes are advertised in the daily newspaper.

X. Mind different meanings of the words particular, particularly. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. particular – special, often corresponds to the Russian «данный, конкретный»: 1. What should you wear on this particular business day/on this particular occasion? 2. When do the American students start specializing in their particular field of study? 3. Do you go in for any particular kind of sport?
2. particular – hard/difficult to please; corresponds to the Russian «разборчивый»: He is very particular as to what he wears (about what he eats).
3. particular – exact (точный/аккуратный, пунктуальный): The English are very particular about coming on time, about keeping their word/promise, about the time of their meals.
4. in particular – especially; often corresponds to the Russian «в частности»: What’s your opinion of animated cartoons in general and the best Soviet animated cartoon in particular?
5. particularly – especially: 1. The forecast is not nice particularly for those who are not used to rough weather. 2. The film was not particularly thrilling. 3. In Scotland skiing has attracted thousands of fans particularly in recent years. 4. What is particularly good about this novel?
XI. Use the words particular, particularly in different meanings in examples of your own.
XII. Think of 10 questions to Text A.

XIII. Compare the cinema in our country and abroad.

Speech Patterns to Text B
We had better book the tickets in advance.
Нам следовало бы заказать билеты заранее.
It’s pretty hard to make comparisons.
Очень трудно делать сравнения.
XIV. Practise the patterns in examples of your own.
XV. Read Text B and retell it.
B. Everybody Loves Saturday Night
By Michael Saunders
What to do this Saturday night? I’m sure that this question has come up for you and your friends as many times as it has for Canadian and American young people. Saturday night is the night, because tomorrow is Sunday. And on Sunday you can sleep in.
Actually, I don’t think there’s too much difference in what we do and what you do for enjoyment. The easiest thing in Canada is to go to the cinema. Like here, it’s crowded on a Saturday night, and if you want to see the show, you’d better get there early.
One thing is different, however, and that is the price. It’s pretty hard to make comparisons, but a ticket to most movie theatres will cost you about three dollars and fifty cents. Expensive.
Nevertheless, there are ways out. Over the last few years, a new idea in movie-going has sprung up – the 99-cent theatres that show all the great oldies, and the not-so-oldies. Of course, young people make up most of the audience.
Most of you have probably seen the really good Russian film “War and Peace”. Well, so did I – all of it at once at one of our 99 cent theatres. We started at eight o’clock one Saturday evening and went on until about three o’clock on Sunday morning. During the three intermissions, we were served “favourite Russian delicacy”: potato soup and black bread.
Explanatory Notes
the 99 cent theatres – those, where a ticket costs 99 cents
the great oldies – (very) old films which were a great success/hit with the public

XVI. Agree or disagree with the statements. The following phrases may be helpful.
Exactly; That’s right; It’s perfectly true; It’s partly true; On the contrary; I don’t think so; I shouldn’t say so; I quite agree (with you); I can’t agree (with you).
1. One never knows what to do on Saturday night. 2. Going to the cinema is the favourite pastime of most young people on Saturday. 3. There is not much difference in what young people do for enjoyment on Saturday night no matter where they live. 4. Buying tickets in advance is not always convenient. 5. If a film is a success/hit you can never buy tickets at the entrance before the show. 6. Nowadays movie theatres are never crowded on weekends due to television. 7. Many young people in Canada can’t afford going to the pictures because the cost of the tickets is too high. 8. The so-called “99-cent movie theatres” isn’t a very good idea because they show only the great “oldies”.

XVII. Respond to the statements by asking questions so as to get more information. Begin your questions with Who? When? Where? What? What... for? What... about? Who... with?
1. I like Saturday night best of all. 2. We had an extremely good time last Saturday. 3. I saw a very amusing film on Sunday. 4. They say a new science fiction film is on. 5. We had to get to the cinema very early, actually an hour before the performance. 6. Quite unexpectedly for us the tickets for this new serial were very easy to book. 7. I like the idea of a special movie theatre where old films (oldies) are revived. 8. I think I’ll go out and see a new Italian feature film.
XVIII. Say what you (and your friends) do for enjoyment on Saturday night.

XIX. Read Text C.
C. A Drive-in Cinema
One evening I was taken by a friend to a drive-in cinema about 10 miles out of the city. We started as it was growing dark and soon saw cars coming from all directions towards a sky-scraper screen that you could see more than a mile away. Then slowly we drove past the box-office where we paid for admission and turned along a wide drive towards the lines of cars, about 3,000 of them.
We switched off our car lights, and attendants waved us on with electric torches to our place about 100 yards from the enormous screen on which we could see the soundless pictures moving. There was a loud speaker, hooked to a post. My friend unhooked the loud speaker, fixed it inside the car, switched it on, and now the figures on the screen were no longer silent: without leaving the comfort of our car we were at a cinema performance. At the interval a comic figure on the screen announced: “Ice-cream, hot dogs, soft drinks too, sandwiches, coffee, all ready for you.” Car doors opened and people made their way to the refreshment room where they could get the refreshment they wanted on trays which they brought back to the cars. At last the performance ended. A message appeared on the screen: “Please remove the loud speaker before starting your car”, and as midnight was striking we were on the road again driving home.
Explanatory Notes
a drive-in cinema – a cinema in the open air, where people watch films sitting in their cars
a sky-scraper screen – gigantic screen
soft drinks – lemonade, coca-cola, pepsi-cola, etc.
refreshment room – buffet
Words and Phrases
attendants – обслуживающий персонал
electric torch – электрический карманный фонарик
loud-speaker – громкоговоритель
ice-cream – мороженое
hot dogs (Am.) – булочка с горячей сосиской
message – объявление, сообщение
sky-scraper – небоскреб
Phrases to Remember
to pay for admission – платить за вход/въезд
to switch on/off car lights – включать/выключать фары машины
to wave on... (to...) –  зд. показать жестом (куда поставить машину)
to hook/to remove a loud-speaker – повесить/снять громкоговоритель

XX. Answer the questions.
1. What’s unusual about a drive-in cinema? 2. How big is the screen in a drive-in cinema? 3. How do people find the place for their cars? 4. How many cars can be parked in a drive-in cinema? 5. What is it necessary to do to hear the sound? 6. What can people do during the interval between films? 7. What kind of a message appears on the screen when the performance ends? What for? 8. What conditions are necessary for a drive-in cinema? 9. In what parts of our country are there cinemas in the open air? 10. Have you ever gone to one of them? Tell about it.
XXI. Discussion points: advantages and disadvantages of a drive-in cinema.

AT THE POST OFFICE
Vocabulary
to correspond — переписываться
correspondence  — переписка
letter  — письмо
private letter — частное письмо
business letter — деловое письмо
ordinary letter — простое письмо
express letter — срочное письмо
registered letter — заказное письмо
note-paper  — почтовая бумага
envelope  — конверт
at the bottom of the envelope — внизу конверта
to put the letter into an envelope — вложить письмо в конверт
to close the envelope — запечатывать конверт
to open the envelope — вскрывать конверт
post code (Br), zip code (Am) — индекс
stamp  — почтовая марка
inland stamp — внутренняя марка
foreign stamp — заграничная марка
to collect stamps — собирать марки
to stamp  — наклеивать марку
Syn.: to stick a stamp on
address  — адрес
right address — правильный адрес
wrong address — неправильный адрес
return address — обратный адрес
to address  — адресовать
letter-box (pillar-box, mail-box)  — почтовый ящик
to drop the letter into a letter-box — опустить письмо в почтовый ящик
to send (sent, sent)  — посылать
to send a letter by airmail — посылать письмо авиапочтой
to send books by book-post — посылать книги бандеролью
post (Br), mail (Am)  — почта, почтовая корреспонденция
to send by post — посылать по почте
to post  — отправлять по почте
to enclose — вкладывать в конверт
postcard — почтовая открытка
picture postcard — художественная открытка
postman  — почтальон
post-office  — почтовое отделение
department  — отдел, отделение
counter  — прилавок, окно
clerk  — почтовый служащий
to deliver  — доставлять, вручать
delivery  — доставка
timely delivery — своевременная доставка
late delivery — поздняя доставка
morning (evening) delivery — утренняя (вечерняя) доставка
e.g. The letter came by evening delivery.
to sign  — расписываться в получении
telegram  — телеграмма
phototelegram — фототелеграмма
priority telegram — «молния»
reply-paid telegram — телеграмма с оплаченным ответом
form  — бланк
to fill in a form — заполнить бланк
parcel  — посылка
parcel post — прием и выдача посылок
to send parcels insured and otherwise — посылать посылки с объявленной ценностью и без объявленной ценности
wrap  — завернуть
weigh  — весить, взвешивать
weight  — вес
money order (postal order)  — денежный перевод по почте
to send a money order — посылать денежный перевод
to cash a money order — получать деньги по денежному переводу
receipt — квитанция
to get a receipt — получать квитанцию
subscribe  — подписываться (на газету, журнал)
subscription  — подписка
savings-bank — сберегательный банк
to draw out  — брать деньги из сбербанка
COD — cash-on-delivery — наложенным платежом

I. Read and translate the text.
At the Post-Office
Anybody who wants to buy stamps or envelopes, to send a telegram, to get a postal order, should go to the post-office. There is a post-office in every town and nearly every village, large towns, of course, have more than one. As for me, I study in Moscow and I often get letters, postcards, telegrams and parcels from my parents, who live in the Caucasus.
I get my letters post-restante at the post-office, near our Institute. The procedure is the following: I go up to the counter that has the notice: Letters Post Restante, Stamps, Postcards, Forms on Sale. I ask the clerk if there are any letters for me. If there is a parcel addressed to me I’m given a special form to fill it in.
I write my name and address, go to the parcel post and say that I’m the addressee. The clerk asks for my passport, checks it up with the form, returns me my passport and hands me the parcel.
Sometimes I write letters at the post-office. I put the letter into an envelope, address it (write the address on it), stick a stamp on it and drop the letter into the letter-box (pillar-box).
If I want to send my letters by airmail and registered post I put some roubles worth of stamps on the envelope and give it to the clerk dealing with registered letters. The clerk weighs the letter, cancels the stamps and writes out a receipt.
You can buy all kinds of stamps, postcards and envelopes there. You can also buy postal orders to send money by post.
At the post-office you can send all kinds of telegrams (phototelegrams, reply-paid telegrams).
One can send parcels insured and otherwise there. You may have your parcels wrapped and tied then and there (тут же, на месте).
Besides you can subscribe there to different papers, journals and magazines published in Russia and other countries.
There is also a savings-bank where you can put in or draw out your money whenever you want.
There are some telephone booths near the wall of our post-office. You can telephone your friends in Moscow and also book a trunk-call to any city in Russia or abroad.
You may sit down comfortably and write a letter or telegram. Tables and chairs are provided for this purpose.

II. Answer the questions.
1. How often do you call at the post-office? 2. Where is the Head-Post-Office in your city? 3. How many times a day are letters delivered? 4. What can you buy at a post-office? 5. What do you have to fill in when you want to send a parcel? 6. What do you usually send as printed matter? 7. What do you buy a postal order (a telegram form) for? 8. How much per word does an ordinary (priority) telegram cost? 9. On what occasions do you get or send telegrams? 10. Do you often get letters? 11. Do you like to write letters? 12. Where do you drop your letters? 13. What does “to get letters post restante” mean? 14. What does the post-office clerk give you when you send a registered letter? 15. What does “to send a letter by airmail” mean? 16. What can you do at a post-office? 17. Which newspapers and magazines have you subscribed to? 18. What does the inside of a post-office look like? 19. What departments are there at the central post-office?

III. Translate the following into English.
Посылка, письмо, доставка, фототелеграмма, марка, почта, денежный перевод, почтовый ящик, авиапочта, заворачивать (в бумагу), доставлять, квитанция, бланк, почтовый служащий, художественная открытка, заграничная марка, сберегательный банк, брать деньги с вклада, посылать посылку с объявленной ценностью и без нее, подписаться на, заказное письмо, взвешивать, переписываться, получить денежный перевод.

IV. Express the following in one word.
1. To exchange letters; 2. A man who collects or delivers the post; 3. Mail sent by air; 4. The writing on a letter showing where it is to be sent; 5. A box for posting letters; 6.A card converging that the money has been paid; 7. A person who works at a post-office; 8. A card conveying a message by post; 9. A message sent very quickly by telegram.

V. Read and translate the dialogues. Render one of the dialogues.
1
A: How much does the stamp for a letter to Warsaw cost?
B: ...
A: Please, give me two stamps and two envelopes.
B: You haven’t got any change, have you?
A: No, I’m sorry I haven’t. Can I register the letter?
B: Yes, of course. A letter by registered post costs ...
A: Please, give me another ... worth of stamps.
B: ... change.
2
A: How long do letters take to get to St. Petersburgh?
B: Three days at least.
A: It won’t do then. I’ll have to send a telegram. What is the rate for ordinary telegrams?
B: ... per word.
A: Isn’t there a cheaper rate now?
B: No, not now. In a fortnight’s time greeting telegrams for Christmas will be sent at a cheaper rate. Perhaps you’ll try a phototelegram?
A: No, a phototelegram will be too slow, for it will not go immediately to the addressee. Please, give me a form for the telegram.
3
A: I want to send these books to Vilnius C.O.D. (cash-on-delivery). How can I do it?
B: Bring you books and fill in a special form.
A: What is the rate for air-mail?
B: It all depends on the weight.
A: Must I have it wrapped and tied?
B: Bring it along. We shall do it right here.
A: I’m afraid I’ll have to put it off till tomorrow for I haven’t got enough money on me and I cannot draw out any from the savings-bank. It is closed already.
B: Oh, any time you like. We are open from 8 a.m. till 8 p.m.
4
A: How can I send these 10 books to St. Petersburgh?
B: You can send them by book-post or by parcel-post, sending a book-parcel is less expensive. They charge much more for ordinary parcels.
A: What must I do to send a parcel?
B: Wrap the parcel and fill in a form.
A: Where can I buy a form?
B: To your left, please. Window 10.
A: Thank you. And where can I wrap the book-parcel?
B: At the counter right there.
A: Do they also weigh the parcel?
B: They do it at the same counter when the parcel is wrapped.
A: Do they stick stamps on a book-parcel?
B: By all means. After the parcel is weighed.
A: Thank you.

VI. Translate the following into English.
1. Вы уже отправили телеграмму? — Да, надеюсь, что ее доставят вовремя. 2. Будьте добры, опустите письмо в почтовый ящик. 3. Если тебе удастся достать эти книги, вышли мне их бандеролью и предупреди открыткой. 4. Скажите, пожалуйста, где можно отправить заказное письмо? 5. Если вы хотите отправить заказное письмо, вам придется пойти на почту. 6. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, марок на 1 фунт и четыре конверта. 7. Нужно ли взвешивать посылку перед отправлением? 8. Когда придет почтальон, спросите, нет ли письма для меня. 9. Заполнив бланк, она подошла к окну надписью «Денежные переводы» и подала бланк почтовому работнику. 10. — Мама просила меня послать телеграмму тете, а я не знаю, как это сделать. — Я охотно помогу тебе. Давай подойдем к окну с надписью «Телеграммы». Возьми телеграфный бланк. Теперь заполни его. Сначала пиши адрес тети, потом – текст телеграммы, а немного ниже — свой адрес. — Сколько это будет стоить? — Это зависит от количества слов в телеграмме. — Телеграмма стоит 2 фунта . Вот вам квитанция и сдача. 11. Я познакомилась летом в Париже с одной француженкой, и теперь мы переписываемся. 12. Если пойдешь на почту, сбрось, пожалуйста, письмо в почтовый ящик. 13. Я собираюсь послать деловое письмо в Москву и вспомнил, что индекс изменился. 14. Если ты хочешь, чтобы письмо не потерялось, пошли его заказным. 15. Таня вложила фотографию в конверт, написала обратный адрес с индексом и наклеила марку. 16. Заказное письмо доходит до Москвы за 5 дней. 17. Мне нужно зайти на почту, чтобы купить 3 конверта по 3 рубля. 18. Мы подписались на газету «Аргументы и факты», ее доставляют 1 раз в неделю. 19. Служащая дала мне заполнить бланк, чтобы послать посылку, а сама стала заворачивать и взвешивать ее. 20. Я сниму деньги со счета в банке, чтобы купить билет на самолет. 21. В конце зимы начнется подписка на газеты и журналы. 22. Завтра в это время он получит деньги переводом.

VII. Read the dialogue and act it out.
A Telegram Comes
Ellen: Mike!
Mike: Yes?
Ellen: Would you mind answering the door, I’m washing my clothes.
Mike: Okey.
Mike: ... Guess, what’s come.
Ellen: How should I know?
Mike: Well, have a guess.
Ellen: A letter? A parcel?
Mike: No.
Ellen: A bill, then.
Mike: Wrong again, have another go.
Ellen: I haven’t the faintest idea. Are you going to tell me or not?
Mike: I’m, if you promise to wash my socks.
Ellen: Oh, all right, what is it?
Mike: A telegramme for Father.
Ellen: A telegramme! Who from?
Mike: How should I know? Oh, here’s Father. Guess what’s come for you.
Mr Innes: I’ve no idea. I only hope it isn’t a bill.
Mike: No, it isn’t, it’s a wire.
Mr Innes: A wire? Here, let me have it... Oh, good!

THE PRESS
VIII. Read and translate the text.
The Press in Britain
The British read more newspapers than any other people in the world. More than 30 million copies of newspapers are printed in the country every day. More daily newspapers are sold per person in the UK than in almost any other country: there are 12 national daily newspapers and 11 national Sunday ones. While the more serious newspapers have a lot of home and international news, some of the more popular “tabloids” (so called because of their size) concentrate on the more spectacular and scandalous aspects of life in Britain.
National newspapers are sold throughout the United Kingdom, they all have their head offices in London.
There are many provincial daily, evening and weekly newspapers published in cities and smaller towns. Many big cities have evening papers which give the latest news. The tendency has been for newspapers to become smaller but to contain more pages.
There are nearly 5000 periodicals published in the UK. Of these, women’s magazines have the largest circulation. There are magazines and periodicals for almost every trade, profession, sport, hobby or interest. Special magazines and newspapers are published for young people.
National dailies: 1) quality papers: “Daily Telegraph”, “The Guardian”, “The Times”, “Independent”, “Financial Times”; 2) popular papers (tabloids): “Sun”, “Daily Mirror”, “Daily Mail”, “Daily Express”, “Daily Star”, “Today”.
National Sundays: 1) quality papers: “Sunday Times”, “Observer”, “The Sunday Telegraph”; 2) popular papers: “News of the World”, “Sunday Mirror”, “Sunday People”, “Sunday Express”, etc.

IX. Read and answer the questions.
1. What newspapers and magazines does you family get? 2. Who in your family reads newspapers regularly? 3. What political, cultural or social problems do the newspapers cover? 4. What kind of information do the newspapers carry? 5. What space in the newspapers is given to local news? 6. What sort of information are you and your family interested in most of all? 7. What articles do you prefer to read? 8. What sports news are you interested in? 9. Can you find examples of humour in the papers, either in words or in pictures? 10. Which is your favourite magazine? Why?
X. Speak on the topic “The Russian Press”.







WRITING LETTERS
XI. Study the sample of writing letters.

Your address Write your address in the top right hand corner.

The date Write the date directly below.
Write the first line next to the left hand margin.
Begin the next line under the name. Dear ...........,
...........................…............................………………

...........................................................
Ending

Your name

Example:
22 York Street
Bridewell
BR8 450

24th Nov. 19-- Never put your name before your address
Write the house number first, followed by the street, town (and post code, if you know it).
Never begin with Dear Friend. Always use a name.
Begin the first sentence with a capital letter. Dear Ken,
Many thanks for your letter and for the photographs — they brought back very happy memories of our holiday.
I’m glad to hear that your new job is going so well. It must be nice to work in a bank.
Do let me know when you’re coming to England. It would be lovely to see you and you’re most welcome to stay here — there’s plenty of room!
With closer friends, you could just put Write soon.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Best wishes
Sue Best wishes, and Yours are useful general endings. For close friends, you can end with Love.


XII. Pay attention to the types of letters.
Beginnings
In an informal letter to a friend, it may be appropriate to begin by mentioning a letter which you have recently received or by making general friendly comments.
Useful language:
Many thanks for your letter...
It was very nice to hear from you recently...
I was glad to hear that you had a good holiday
I hope you and the family are well
Hope this letter finds you well
Invitation
Say what the event is and explain the details of the date, time and place clearly. You may need to add other details such as who else is coming, what you would like your friend to bring (if anything), whether they can bring a partner or friend, when you need a reply by, and how to get there. Use separate paragraphs for each main piece of information.
Useful language:
I’m having a birthday party on Saturday the 22nd and I hope you’ll be able to come.
I was wondering if you’d like to come to see “Wild Lives” at the Theatre Royal with me?
Would you like to/ Why don’t you come and stay for the weekend?
Could you (possibly) let me know if you can come by...
Request
Describe the situation or problem and explain exactly what needs to be done. Make it clear how grateful you would be for the help you ask for and give an opportunity for the recipient to agree or refuse, if appropriate.
Useful language:
I’m writing to/ I wonder if I could ask you a favour.
I wonder if/ I was wondering if you could help me?
I’d be terribly grateful...
Please don’t hesitate to say no if you can’t manage it...
Apology
Explain why you are apologising, give reasons for your behaviour, express regret for any damage, inconvenience, offence which was caused, and offer to put things right if possible.
Useful language:
I’m writing to apologise about...
for the fact that (+ clause)
for (not) (+ –ing)
I’m terribly sorry that...
I do hope that...
Please let me know where you bought it/ how much it cost/ what the bill is and I’ll gladly replace it/ pay for it.
Information/News
Useful language:
I thought you’d like to know/hear about...
This is just to let you know that...
Thank you/Congratulations/Good Luck
I’m writing to thank you/ Thank you so much for (+ noun/-ing)
It was very kind of you to...
I’m writing to congratulate you/ Congratulations on (+ noun)
I’m writing to wish you (the very best of) luck in/with (+ noun)
Endings
It is usual to end letters which expect a reply with a sentence on a separate line. This could be:
Looking forward to hearing from you/ seeing you.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Write soon/ See you soon.
Write when you can.
Keep in touch.
(Much, lots of, all my) love.
Take care.
Stay well.

XIII. Look through the table with the differences between formal and informal styles.

Features Informal Formal
1. Abbreviations and contractions Used extensively, for example, I’m, they’re, there’s, isn’t, etc. Not used; the full form is necessary, for example has not, I would be, etc.
2. Use of the passive and active Active Passive
3. Use of the first person singular + —
4. Use of intensifiers
(e.g. really, absolutely) + —
5. Use of phrasal verbs + —
6. Link words — +
7. Set phrases and idioms + —
8. Rhetorical questions + —
9. Expression of personal feelings + —
10. Ellipsis (missing out words) + —

XIV. Here are 2 jumbled letters, one is written to a hotel, and the other – to a friend. Work in pairs. Decide which sentences go with which letter, and put them in the right order.
a. I would like a single room with a shower.
b. I’m writing to ask you a favour.
c. I don’t mind where you put me. I’ll sleep anywhere!
d. I have a further request.
e. I would like to make a reservation for the nights of the 22nd, 23rd and 24th  of January.
f. I hope the above is convenient.
g. Write soon and let me know.
h. I’m coming down to London at the end of the month to go to a conference.
i. Could I have a bite to eat when I arrive?
j. I hope you are all well, and that you’ve recovered from the busy Christmas period.
k. I would be extremely grateful.
l. Could I possibly have a room at the back, as I find the front rooms rather noisy?
m. Could you put me up for a few days?
n. Just a sandwich will do.
o. I look forward to your reply.
p. It’s the 22nd – 24th of January.
q. As I will be arriving quite late, could you possibly put a cold buffet in my room on the 22nd?
r. I hope that’s all right.
s. There’s something else I’d like to ask you.

XV. Jigsaw reading.
Nancy Barnes is 15. Today, January 10, she has written two letters, one – to her Aunt Jane and the other – to her pen-friend, Giovanni. Study  paragraphs A – F.
A
Please write soon and tell me all your news. The girls at school have been jealous ever since they found out I have an Italian pen-friend! My best friend, Catherine, would like to write to someone in Italy, too, if one of your friends is interested.
Kindest regards to your family.
B
I hope you had a very pleasant Christmas. We spent Christmas Day at home, as usual. Mum cooked an enormous turkey and of course
we all ate and drank too much! On New Year’s Eve I went to a party with Julian and some friends from school. I’d stayed up to see the New Year in before, of course, but this time we didn’t get home till three!
C
I haven’t written for a month because of all the Christmas celebrations. I hope you had a good time. Thanks very much for your Christmas card. It was super to get one from Italy. Julian and I hung all the family’s Christmas cards on the wall, and I put yours in the centre.

D
Love from Mum and Dad and Julian. Thank you again for the beautiful watch.

E

First of all thank you very much for your Christmas present. It was just what I wanted, because I broke my watch in October and I was without one for two months. I have worn it every day since Christmas, and it keeps perfect time.
F
We’ve only been back at school for two days but Christmas seems a long time ago. At New Year I went to a party with Julian and we didn’t get back till after midnight. How did you spend New Year? Is it a family celebration in Italy? Now I’m looking forward to the half-term holiday because we’re going to Scotland. What are you going to do?

Decide which paragraph belongs to which letter and put them in order so that you can read them in sequence. What is the purpose of each paragraph in each letter?
Aunt Jane Giovanni
1............... 1..............
2............... 2..............
3............... 3..............
Analysis
1. Nancy used the same formulae for beginning and ending both letters. How did she address Aunt Jane and Giovanni, and how did she end the letters?
2. What did Aunt Jane send Nancy for Christmas? What has she done with it?
3. What did Giovanni send her? What did she do with it?
4. Nancy was proud that she stayed up so late at New Year because it showed she was grown-up. Find the phrase that proves this. Who is it addressed to?
5. She is old enough to think of boyfriends now. Which phrase suggests this? Who is it addressed to?
6. Which phrases are more formal?
a) Mum and Dad / Mother and Father
b) Thank you / Thanks
c) I hope you had a pleasant Christmas / had a good time
d) beautiful / super
e) Love / Kindest regards
7. Which of the phrases in 6 occur in the letter to Aunt Jane? In which cases is the letter to Giovanni more formal? Why?
Writing Practice
1. Write a postcard to a friend from a place where you are on holiday.
2. Write a letter thanking a relative for a present you have received.
3. Write a letter to a friend telling him/her about your life in the last few months. Assume that you are writing in reply to a letter from him/her.

XVI. Reading.
Analysis
Lis wrote to a friend of hers, Tim, already studying at Bath, to ask him for his advice. Read her letter but note that the paragraphs are in the wrong order. Reorder them.

Throgmorton Way
Chelmsford Road
Dunmow, Essex

2nd June 1990
Dear Tim,



A Sorry to trouble you, and thanks in advance for your help. I’m looking forward to seeing you during the summer.



B However, before I made a decision, I thought I had better write to you, because you certainly have a clearer idea than I have about the sort of expenses students have. What do you think about the services the bank offers? Should I go ahead and open a bank account here or should I wait until I get to Bath? Could you give me some advice, based on your experience?



C I wrote to several banks to get information about student services, and I’m enclosing a photocopy of one of the leaflets I received. It seems very easy, and you can even have an overdraft if you warn them and pay the interest.



D Bath University has written to me to say I’ve got a place there next year. Isn’t that good news? I’m very happy that I’ll be at the same university as you. I’ve got a grant from the local authority, but I’d like to ask your advice about money. I hope you don’t mind me writing to you when you’re busy with exams.




Yours,
Liz

Writing Practice
Tim made a list of things Lis should and should not do at university, and replied to her letter. Complete his letter, basing it on the list.
DO... DON’T...
— remember extra expenses like club subscriptions
— if your grant arrives late borrow money from your parents if you can, not from a bank
— keep clear, regular accounts of what you spend
— buy a bicycle — run up overdrafts or debts
— rent a flat if you can’t afford it
— buy a car if you can’t afford it
— spend too much money on eating out
— travel home too often at weekends
— buy unnecessary books; use libraries
27 Manor Road
Bath BA2 5LO

7th June 1990
Dear Liz,
Thanks for you letter, and congratulations! I’m very glad you’re coming to study here. I’m sure you’ll be happy in Bath.
Personally, I think students should look after their own money, and shouldn’t expect a bank to do it for them, but you should have a bank account. No, you don’t have to open it at home. You should open one here in Bath, because it will be more convenient. But you should write to the bank you choose during the summer to make sure you get a branch near the University.
Now for my advice on what I think you should and shouldn’t do as a student. First, you _________________________________________; you always have to pay them back in the end. If your grant ____________________________________________________________. Secondly, you ____________________________________________ or ____________________________________ if you can’t afford it. You should live in a students’ hostel and _______________________________.
When you’re here you’ll realise there are things you must spend money on and others you needn’t spend it on — if you don’t want to! You ________________________ and _________________________. On the other hand, you _____________________________________ or _________________________, and you _______________________. Use the libraries, instead.
I hope all this helps a bit, I hope to see you during the summer, and I’m certainly looking forward to seeing you here.
All the best,
Tim

XVII. Write two letters with the same information from a place where you are on holiday: a) to your boss, b) to your mother. Pay attention to the styles.
Telephoning
Vocabulary
telephonists (operators) – girl or man operators, or telephone girls or men
to be on the phone — иметь телефон
What’s your (tele)phone number?
to have a telephone installed in one’s house — установить телефон
call-box (Br), telephone-booth (Am), pay-phone (call) – public telephone box
on the phone — по телефону
at the phone — у телефона
to speak, to talk (by telephone, on the phone, over the phone)
to phone, to ring up, to call up, to make a call – звонить по телефону
to ring back, to call back — перезвонить по телефону
to ring up from a call-box — звонить из автомата
to dial a number — набрать номер
dialling tone – гудок
to lift/to take up/to pick up the receiver/the tube — снять трубку
to replace/to hang up/to put down the receiver/the phone — положить трубку
The (tele)phone bell rings.
to answer the phone
Can I speak to N, please?
Who shall I say is calling? — Кто спрашивает?
Someone wants you on the phone. or The telephone for you.
Who’s on the line? or Who is it?
telephone message
to give a telephone message for
Is there any message? — Что-нибудь передать?
to get (reach) somebody on the phone
to get through
The number is engaged. The line is busy (crowded). – Занято.
telephone directory (Br), telephone book (Am)
to look up the number in the directory
to be cut off, to be disconnected
The Trunk Exchange — Междугородная телефонная станция
trunk call (Am), long-distance call (Br)
to put a trunk-call through (to ...) — заказать междугородний разговор
to book a trunk-call
a telephone extension — добавочный номер
Some Useful Phrases
Introducing yourself
This is (name)…
(name) speaking
It’s (name)…
My name is ...
Asking for someone or for a number
Is that (name or number)?
Could I speak to (name)?
Can I speak to (name)?
It’s (name), isn’t it?
Speaking with a switch-board operator
Can you put me through to (name or number)?
Can I have extension (number)?
I’d like to speak to (name).
Being helpful
You’re through, caller — go ahead.
The line is ringing for you, caller.
You’re welcome. (as a response to thank you)
Saying why you’re calling
I’m calling about (the meeting).
I’m calling for (some information).
I’m calling to (let you know I’ll be late).
Asking the caller to wait
Could you hold on?
Will you hold or will you call back later?
Trying to connect you, please, hold the line.
Apologising
Sorry to keep you.
I’m afraid the line is engaged.
I’m sorry but there’s no reply.
Offering to take a message
Can I take a message?
Would you like to have a message?
Can I ask who’s calling?
Asking to leave a message
Could I leave a message?
Could you get her to call me?
Could you tell her I rang?
Promising action
I’ll get her to call you back.
I’ll give him your message.
I’ll call you on Monday.
I’ll check that for you now.
I’ll put you through to someone else.
Asking for repetition
I didn’t catch that. Could you repeat what you said?
Sorry, what was the name?
I’m afraid it’s a bad line.
Could you speak up?
Saying goodbye
Nice talking to you.
I’ll speak to you tomorrow.
Look forward to hearing from you again soon.

XVIII. Read and translate the text.
Telephone
It is very often that one contacts people by phoning them (by ringing them up, by calling them up). If you want to make a call (to phone, to give a call, to give a ring) make sure you remember the number correctly (the number is a system of figures to represent the customer’s (subscriber’s) phone) and also the code (a system of figures to represent cities and countries) if it is a long-distance call (in the USA – a trunk call). Then pick up the receiver (take it or lift it) and listen to the so-called dialing tone which is constituted by a continuous purring and means that the line is free. If the line is engaged you will hear the so-called engaged (busy) tone (signal) which will be constituted by iterative purring. If the line is free and you don’t forget the number, start dialing it.
When the other customer picks up the receiver, it is the time when good telephone manners begin. They include answering promptly, greeting the caller kindly and giving your whole attention to the call. Speak directly to the mouthpiece, distinctly but not too loudly. Use a natural voice and talk slowly enough to be understood easily.
When you lift the receiver, say distinctly “Tom Jones speaking”. When someone calls you to the phone, say: “This is Tom”. If the call is for someone who is not at home, say: “I’m sorry, but George isn’t in now. Would you like to leave a message?” At the end of the conversation you may say: “Thank you for calling and good-bye” and hang up the receiver (replace it).
If you get a wrong number, apologize. If your number is called by mistake, say politely: “I’m afraid you have the wrong number”, or “I’m sorry. There’s no one here by that name”.

XIX. Answer the questions.
1. What conveniences does a telephone offer? 2. What does a person have to do if he makes a call from a call-box? 3. What does the operator generally say if she can’t put you through? 4. What is the telephone extension? 5. Are you on the phone? If so, what is your telephone number? 6. Where do we look up a telephone number if we don’t remember it? 7. What does a telephone directory contain? 8. In case you don’t have a directory where do you ring up for information? 9. What’s the procedure of making a call? 10. What is meant by good telephone manners?
XX. Decide which of the verbs fit best in the following sentences. What other verbs can be used instead?
be over call back/ring back hang up hold on look up cut off pick up get through put on give up put through

1. The phone is ringing. Why don’t you __________ the receiver? 2. Mrs Scott isn’t available at the moment. Can you __________ later? 3. Can you __________ Ms Dumas’s number in the directory, please? 4. I’m afraid she’s with a client, shall I __________ you __________ to her secretary? 5. I’m sorry about that. I’m glad you’re still there. We must have been __________ for a moment. 6. Mr Green never seems to be in his office. I’ve been trying to __________ to him all morning. 7. Could you __________ for a moment, I’ll just find it out for you? 8. Is Graham here? If so, could you __________ him __________ please? 9. If the operator says “Thank you so much for calling” and plays me that awful electronic music again, I’ll __________. 10. You’ll never get New York at this time of day. If I were you, I’d __________. 11. If an American telephonist asks “Are you through?”, she wants to know if your call __________.

XXI. Translate the following into English.
1. Если бы линия не была занята, я смогла бы с вами переговорить. 2. Если вы не найдете номера телефона Энн в телефонной книге, позвоните в справочное бюро. 3. Если бы у нашего профессора дома не было телефона, это очень осложнило бы его работу. 4. Если вы соедините меня с Москвой через час, я подожду. 5. Если бы в этом районе было меньше учреждений, ей удалось бы поставить телефон. 6. Вас вызывает Лондон, не вешайте трубку. 7. Звонит телефон. — Я не могу подойти. Пожалуйста, спросите, кто звонит, и что передать. 8. Можно позвонить по вашему телефону? — Пожалуйста.

XXII. Typical Pieces of Telephone Conversation.
1
Secretary: Hallo.
Black: Hallo. David Black speaking. May I have a word with Mr Smith?
Secretary: I’ll see if he is in. I’m afraid Mr Smith is out at the moment.
Black: Could you take a message?
Secretary: Yes, of course.
2
Black: Hallo, may I speak to Mr Roberts?
Secretary: Sorry, sir Mr Roberts is not available. Is there any message?
Black: No, thank you. I’ll call back later.
Secretary: Right. Good bye.
3
Black: Hallo. May I speak with Mr Smith for a minute?
Secretary: Hold the line, please.
Black: Thank you.
Secretary:

A stranger:
Black:
A stranger:
Black: Sorry. There is no reply at his number.
      4
Can I speak to Mr Scott?
I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number.
Oh, sorry to have troubled you.
That’s all right.

XXIII. You are J. Bell, professor, telephone number 157-2213. What would you reply to the following calls?
1. I would like to speak to Prof. Bell.
2. May I have a word with Mr Roberts, please?
3. Is this a police station?
4. Could I speak to Mr Bell, please?
5. May I speak to Amanda Bell, please?
6. Is this 156-2213?
7. Hallo. Is this Hotel Ibis?
XXIV. Book an international call to Glasgow, Carpenter and Co., chief manager Mr Scott, tel. 997-8502, extension 23. Ask him about the date of his possible arrival in Moscow.
XXV. Book a call to London and reserve two single rooms in Hotel Ibis for you and your colleague.



XXVI. Supplementary.
Foreign names are usually not familiar to speakers of English. To make sure your name is written down correctly you should spell it. These are the words which are most commonly used for the letters of different (difficult) names.
A for apple
B for Ben
C for Charlie
D for Donald
E for England or for Edward
F for Freddy
G for George
H for Harry
I for India or for Irish
J for Jane
K for Kate
L for London
M for Mother
N for Nicholas
O for orange
P for Peter
Q for Queen
R for Rome or for Roger
S for Sugar
T for Tommy
U for Uncle
V for Victor
W for water or for warm
X for X-ray
Y for yellow
Z for Zoo or for zebra
Spell your name to a hotel receptionist who doesn’t know Russian.
You are a hotel receptionist. Conduct the registration of the delegates having come to the talks between the Comecon and the EEC. Phone each of the delegates afterwards to see if there are any problems.

MEALS AT HOME AND DINING OUT
Vocabulary
to dine out – обедать в гостях, в ресторане и т.п.
to give a (dinner) party – устроить вечер (званый обед)
to have a get-together – собраться небольшой компанией
to lay the table – накрывать на стол
to clean the table – убирать со стола
cups – чашки
glasses – стаканы (рюмки)
spoons, forks, knives – ложки, вилки, ножи
plates, dishes, napkins – тарелки, блюда, салфетки
to taste – пробовать
tasteless – безвкусный
tasty, delicious – вкусный, восхитительный
Cafes, Restaurants, etc.
Кафе, рестораны и т.п.
canteen – столовая, буфет (на заводе и пр.)
cafeteria/lunch-counter – кафе-закусочная с самообслуживанием
pub – пивной бар
snack-bar – закусочная
tea-room / tea shop – кафе-кондитерская
to serve – обслуживать, подавать
to tip – (давать) чаевые
self-service – самообслуживание
to wait on (smb) – обслуживать (кого-л.)
waiter, waitress – официант (-ка)
customer – посетитель (кафе и пр.)
cash desk/register – касса
(On the) Menu (Card)
(В) Меню
bacon and eggs – яичница с беконом
soft/hard-boiled eggs – яйца всмятку/вкрутую
fried eggs – яичница
porridge – каша
cheese – сыр
sausage – колбаса
ham – ветчина
soup – первое блюдо
clear soup/broth – бульон
cabbage soup – суп с капустой, щи
roasted/stewed meat – жареное/тушеное мясо
mutton/pork/veal chop – баранья/свиная/телячья отбивная
(beef) steak – бифштекс
fried fish – жареная рыба
boiled/fried potatoes/chips – вареный/жареный картофель
mashed potatoes – картофельное пюре
vegetables – овощи, гарнир
cucumber – огурец
tomato – помидор
(for) dessert – (на) десерт
canned/tinned (Am) fruit – консервированные фрукты
stewed fruit – компот
pears, peaches, oranges, grapes – груши, персики, апельсины, виноград
(apple-)pie – (яблочный) пирог
cake: roll/bun – пирожное (торт); булочка
sweets, candy (Am) – конфеты
soft drinks – безалкогольные напитки
Phrases to Remember
I feel hungry/thirsty. – Я чувствую голод/жажду.
I’m starved. – Я умираю от голода.
I can do with a snack/bite. – Я не прочь перекусить.
What shall we have for lunch (the 1st course)?
Что мы будем есть на обед (на первое)?
What could you suggest for dessert?
Что вы могли бы предложить на третье?
Waiter, (will you bring us) the bill, please!
Официант, (принесите) пожалуйста, счет!
Let’s have a Dutch!
Соберемся «вскладчину» (пусть каждый платит за себя).
Phrases Used at Table
Will you have some... (fruit)? – Хотите... (фруктов)?
Would you care for a drink? – Хотите выпить?
Have another cup of... – Выпейте еще чашку...
Help yourself to (some cheese). – Берите (сыр).
Pass me the salt/sugar/mustard/pepper.
Передайте соль/сахар/горчицу/перец.
Could I have another helping of...? – Можно мне еще порцию...?
Possible Replies
No, thank you. – Нет, спасибо.
Yes, please. – Да, пожалуйста.
No, thanks, no more... – Нет, спасибо, больше не хочу.
I’ve had enough, thank you. – Достаточно, спасибо.
(The snack was quite filling.) (Закуска была очень сытная.)
Toasts (Тосты)
I’d like to propose/raise a toast to peace.
Я бы хотел предложить/поднять тост за мир.
I drink to our friendship and cooperation.
Я пью за нашу дружбу и сотрудничество.
To our mutual understanding! – За взаимопонимание!
Here is all success to... (science). – За успех... (науки)!
Here is to you/to Mary! – За Вас/за Мэри!
To health, love, success and... time to enjoy it.
За здоровье, любовь, успех и... время, чтобы от всего этого можно было получать удовольствие.

I. Listen, memorize, reproduce.
A: Have you had lunch?
B: I’ve been too busy to think about food. But now I can do with a snack. Shall we lunch together?
A: Yes, I was just going to suggest it.
B: Where would you like to eat?
A: Somewhere within a walking distance.

II. a) Listen, memorize, reproduce; b) make up dialogues combining phrases in substitution patterns.
1 2 3
W.: Can I take your order, Sir? Have you decided on something, Sir? Have you chosen something, Sir?
C. : Yes. I’d like to take the steak, please. Yes. Fish and chips for me, please. Yes. I think I’ll have the chicken, please.
W.: And to follow? How about the sweet? What would you like  afterwards?
C. : Ice-cream, please. No sweet, thanks, just coffee. I’d like some fruit if you have any.
III. Answer the questions.
1. How many meals a day do you have? 2. What does your breakfast generally consist of? 3. What choice of snacks do you have in your refreshment room? 4. What are your favourite dishes? 5. What dishes can you cook yourself?

IV. Act out the conversations.
At the Garretts’ House
Alison: Sasha, would you like to have lunch now? I want you to try peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and iced tea.
Sasha: I’m sorry, but I’ve never heard of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches or iced tea.
Alison: I’ll show you how to make them. They’re easy to make and they taste good! And I’d like you to try different types of American food. I’d like you to come with me to our annual food fair on Main Street. The food fair is worth visiting.
Sasha: What is a food fair?
Alison: A food fair is when the restaurants and cafes in town set up food booths and give out samples of their food for free.
Sasha: Why do they give away their food for free?
Alison: It’s a way to advertise their restaurant. They want people to know what kind of food they have, so that they will visit their restaurant later. Dad, do you mind our going to the food fair?
Dad: No, not at all. I’ll give you a ride. Wait for me. I’ve left my keys upstairs.
Two minutes later
Dad: I hope I haven’t kept you waiting too long. Don’t forget to take your umbrella.

On Main Street
Sasha: I hear music and see a lot of people going toward Main Street. What an interesting street it is! There are so many food booths and interesting things for children.
Alison: Look at the clowns! They want the children to be happy and they’re trying to make them laugh.
Sasha: How funny they are!
Tasting booths
Alison: Let’s go over to that booth, Sasha. I see ribs being served. It’s a typical American food. It’s finger-licking good.
Waiter: Here you are.
Sasha: They’re delicious. I like eating spicy food.

Alison: Let’s go over to the fried chicken booth.
Sasha: Okay.
Alison: Would you like to try some chicken?
Sasha: Yes, please. Just a little piece. It’s very good.
Alison: I’m glad you like it.

Alison: Let’s order a bagel. Have you ever tried one?
Sasha: No, not yet. But I’ve heard about them. I hear they’re very tasty.
Waiter: Are you ready to order?
Sasha: I’d like to try a cinnamon raisin bagel, please.
Alison: Me too. Try it with cream cheese, Sasha. It’s delicious.

Waiter: Would you like some vegetables?
Sasha: Yes. I’d like some potatoes, some carrots, and a salad, please.

Alison: Would you like some Coca-Cola, Sasha?
Sasha: No, thank you. I’d like some mineral water.
Waiter: What size would you like – small, medium, or large?
Sasha: Small, please.
Waiter: Here you are.
Sasha: Oh, I’m sorry. I’ve spilled some water on your jeans.
Alison: That’s okay. It doesn’t matter. Would you like some ice-cream?
Sasha: Yes, please. I always enjoy tasting different kinds of ice-cream.
Having tried every kind of ice-cream, Sasha and Alison happily went home.
New Words
peanut – арахис, арахисовый
jelly – желе
annual – ежегодный
food fair – ярмарка или продажа образцов продукции кафе и ресторанов
to set up – устанавливать, создавать
booth – палатка, киоск
sample – образец, проба
for free – бесплатно
give away – раздавать, дарить
to advertise – рекламировать
clown – клоун
finger-licking good – пальчики оближешь, как вкусно
spicy – острый, пряный
go over to – переходить (на другую сторону)
to try – пробовать
order – заказывать
bagel – сорт бублика с разными начинками
taste – вкус
cinnamon – корица
raisin – изюм
cream cheese – сливочный сыр
to spill  – проливать, разливать
deserve – заслуживать, быть достойными (чего-либо)

Iced Tea
Iced tea was made in St. Louis, Missouri, for the first time in 1904. It’s a very refreshing drink!
• Place 2 teaspoons of tea leaves per cup into hot water.
• Stir, strain, and pour over ice cubes.
• Serve with lemon slices and sugar.
Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich
• Take two slices of bread.
• Spread peanut butter on one slice and jelly or jam on the other slice.
• Put the two slices together (with the peanut butter and jelly on the inside of the sandwich!
• Enjoy!

V. Read and memorize.
A Cafeteria
Olaf: What are the most popular cafes in London?
Jan: I think those which provide a cafeteria service.
Olaf: What does it mean?
Jan: Here there are no waiters who always keep you waiting; the customer takes a tray, plates, a knife, a fork and a spoon, and then chooses and helps himself to the dishes he wants. They are displayed in great variety on the counter.
Olaf: Where do you pay for them?
Jan: At the cash desk. Then you take them to a table to eat. This saves time and labour.
VI. Describe the cafeteria you like best.
VII. Read the text and retell it.
John Snedden
Hello. My name is John Snedden. I am the owner of Rockland’s Restaurant in Washington, DC. Rockland’s is a barbecuing and grilling restaurant. Barbecue is a method of cooking using wood or hard-wood charcoal. This method was used in the United States before gas and electricity were available. We continue to use this traditional method at Rockland’s. The origin of barbecue is in the southern part of the United States, but now it is gaining popularity throughout the whole country.
Every year Rockland’s participates in Washington’s Food Fair. If you have the chance, please stop at our booth and try our barbecue – you’ll love it!
New Words
owner – владелец, хозяин
to barbecue – жарить тушу целиком на углях
to grill – жарить в гриле
charcoal – древесный уголь
to gain – достигать, приобретать
popularity – популярность

VIII. Improvise short dialogues as if you were at table.
Offer your friend: salad; apple-pie; apple juice; buttered toasts; ice-cream; cheese and biscuits; milk; coffee, etc.
Use the following phrases: Have some (more); Have another cup of...; Help yourself to...; Will you have...; Would you like...; Would you care for... .
Possible replies: Yes, please; No, thank you (no more...); I’ve had enough.
Ask your neighbour to pass you: salt; mustard; some sugar; some brown/white bread; some fruit, etc.



IX. What do you say if
1) you want to invite somebody to dinner; 2) somebody invites you to dinner; 3) you want to see the menu; 4) you give somebody the menu; 5) you like a dish very much; 6) you want to have a steak (fish, fruit, cakes); 7) you have enjoyed dinner; 8) you want to propose/drink a toast.
X. Make up and act a dialogue as if you were ordering a meal at a restaurant.

XI. Read the text and say how to make bagels.
Hi, my name is Rita and I’m the owner of the Manhattan Bagel Store in Atlanta, Georgia. Bagels are made from flour, water, salt, yeast and a little bit of sugar. You can add any other ingredients you’d like, such as raisins or blueberries. Bagels are boiled and then baked in an oven. The perfect bagel is crispy on the outside and chewy on the inside.
Bagels are very good for you. They are fat and cholesterol free. They are very high in carbohydrates, which give you energy. You need carbohydrates if you play sports. But the best thing about bagels is that they taste good!
Bagels were brought to the United States by Jewish immigrants and were eaten mainly in Manhattan, New York. But when the Jewish immigrants began moving to other parts of the United States, they took the bagel with them. Now the bagel is very popular among Americans all over the country.
Running a bagel store is hard work. My employees come to work at 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning to bake the bagels. They continue baking all day. They want our customers to enjoy fresh, hot bagel at any time of the day. I would like you to try our bagel. Please come visit our booth at Atlanta’s Food Fair.
New Words
bagel ['beigl]– булочка с разной начинкой
flour ['flau‚] – мука
yeast [ji:st] – дрожжи
raisin ['reIzn] – изюм
blueberry ['blu:berI] – черника
to boil – варить(ся), кипятить(ся)
to bake – печь(ся), запекать(ся)
crispy – хрустящий
chewy ['t∫u:I] – мягкий
fat – жирный
cholesterol free – без холестерина
Jewish ['d„u:I∫] – еврейский
to run – держать, вести
employee [,emplƒI'i:] – служащий
plain – простой, обыкновенный
garlic – чеснок
poppy ['pƒpI] – мак, маковый
rye [raI] – рожь, ржаной
whole wheat – непросеянная мука
chocolate chip – шоколадный кусочек
oat [‚ut] – овес, овсяный
bran [bræn] – отруби
spinach = spinage ['spInId„] – шпинат
cheddar cheese – сыр “чеддер”
baker’s dozen – тринадцатый бублик в дополнение к дюжине
fat free – без жира

XII. Read the text and say how a person should behave when invited to an American home.
When Invited to an American Home...
Here are a few tips to help you know how to behave at an American dinner. First of all, you should always arrive on time. Even 15 minutes late is impolite! If you are going to be late, call your host or hostess ahead of time. It is also not polite to come early. It is always nice to bring your host or hostess something such as flowers, but it is not necessary.
When in the dining room, don’t take a seat until your host or hostess shows you where to sit. Unfold the napkin that is beside your plate, and put it on your lap. Bowls of food are usually passed from person to person around the table. People serve themselves.
Before eating, someone may say grace, or prayers. During grace you should bow your head and remain silent. You can start eating when the host or hostess does. In America it is considered rude to begin eating before everyone has been served.
Take part in the conversation, but don’t talk with your mouth full. If someone asks you a question while your mouth is full, finish chewing before you answer the question.
Do not reach in front of someone for a dish, the salt, or the pepper. Simply say, “Please pass the salt.”
Always compliment the cook by saying, “The meal is delicious/wonderful!” When dinner is over, help clear the dishes off the table. When you are leaving, thank your host or hostess by saying, “Thank you for a nice evening. I enjoyed it very much.”
Americans often send a thank-you note afterwards.

XIII. Humour.
Husband: What? No dinner ready! This is a limit! I’m going to a restaurant.
Wife: Couldn’t you wait a few minutes?
Husband: Will it be ready then?
Wife: No, but then I’ll be ready to come with you.

XIV. Mind different meanings of the word keep. Translate the sentences  into Russian:
1. (At parting) Good luck. Keep well. 2. Fine weather we are having. I hope it’ll keep find. 3. - Who keeps house for him? - His grandmother. 4. You may keep the book. I don’t need it. 5. Can you keep a secret? 6. I’m sure he’ll keep his promise/word. 7. You’re very noisy. Will you, please, keep silent. 8. Sorry  I’ve kept you waiting. 9. It’s a good piece of advice. I’ll try to keep it in mind. 10. Will you keep me company? 11. He looks young for his age. He has worked out a “keep-fit” programme. 12. I keep on forgetting his address. Will you give it to me? 13. In England traffic keeps to the left. 14. Night watchkeeping on a ship is always hard and tiring. 15. She never tries to keep up with the fashion.

XV. Read and translate the dialogue, make up your own dialogues using the phrases from the suggested ones.
In a Restaurant
Waitress: Good evening! Table for three?
Mr S.: Yes, please!
Waitress: This way, please!
Mr W.: Show us the menu, please!
Waitress: Here you are, Sir. What kind of soup would you like?
Mrs B.: A clear soup for us.
Mr S.: Any thick soup for me, and for the other gentleman too.
Mr W.: And may I have a steak, please?
Waitress: What kind of meat: pork, mutton, veal or beef?
Mr W.: A beefsteak, please.
Waitress: How do you like your steaks?
Mrs B.: I like mine rare (недожаренный).
Mr W.: Make mine medium.
Waitress: And you, Sir? I would recommend fish.
Mr S.: No, thank you. My favourite dish is chicken.
Waitress: Any vegetables? We’ve got cabbage, potatoes and carrots.
Mrs B.: I think I’ll have some cabbage.
Waitress: And for dessert – some cakes?
Mr W.: I’m fond of ice-cream.
Mr S.: Three ice-creams, please!
Mrs B.: Thank you so much! I’ve enjoyed the dinner very much. Everything was delicious.
Mr S.: Waitress, the bill, please!

XVI. a) Say what good table manners should a person possess. b) Read the given information.
Do You Have Good Table Manners?
Napkin Manners
• Open your napkin and put it on your lap.
• When you leave the table during a meal, place your napkin on the chair, not on the table.
• When the meal is over, pick up your napkin, wipe your mouth, and place it on the table to the left of your plate.
Fork and Knife Manners
• Put food into your mouth with your fork and not with your knife. Never lick your knife. It’s dangerous!
• Place your fork and knife on your plate while talking or when you are resting between bites.
• Place your knife and fork on your plate when you have finished eating. Do not put them on the tablecloth.
Spoon Manners
After you stir your tea with a spoon, place it on the saucer.
Table Manners
• Do not put your elbows on the table while you are eating.
• Never talk with your mouth full.
• When you are drinking with a straw, do not make a loud noise when you reach the end of your drink.
• Only talk about nice things at the dinner table.
• Finally, don’t forget to say, “Thank you”.

XVII. Read the text and say what a person should and shouldn’t do at table.
English Table Manners
(A List of Do’s and Don’ts)
On the continent people have good food; in England people have good table manners.
Don’t put your elbows on the table. Sit facing the table and keep your feet under you, don’t stretch them all the way under the table. Never stretch over the table for something you want, ask your neighbour to pass it. Take a slice of bread from the bread-plate by hand, don’t harpoon your bread with a fork. Don’t bite into the whole slice, break it off piece by piece. Vegetables, potatoes, macaroni are placed on your fork with the help of your knife. Cut your meat into small pieces, one piece at a time. Chicken requires special handling. Just cut as much as you can, and when you can’t use knife and fork any longer, use your fingers. Don’t use a knife for fish, cutlets or omelettes. Don’t use a spoon for what can be eaten with a fork. Don’t eat off the knife. Don’t lick your spoon. Try to make as little noise as possible when eating, or they’ll say you’re a noisy eater. Don’t talk with your mouth full. Never read while eating (at least in company). Never spoil your neighbour’s appetite by criticising what he is eating. The customary way to refuse a dish is by saying: “No, thank you.” Don’t say, “I don’t eat that stuff” and don’t make faces to show you don’t like it. If you really feel hungry ask for a second helping. And finally, don’t forget to say “thank you” for every act of kindness. By the way, English people do not wish each other “Good appetite”.

XVIII. Read the text and say what English pubs are like.
English Pubs
Every country has its drinking habits. Most countries also have a national drink. In England the national drink is beer, and the “pub”, where Englishmen go to drink it, is a peculiarly English institution. The room in the pub is called the “bar”, but the same term is used for the great counter of polished wood which dominates one end of the room. At this bar, people will be standing with a drink either in their hands or on a “beer-mat”. From time to time they will take a sip – for Englishmen sip their drinks – and then put down the mug to continue conversation. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. Comfort is essential, for here people do not drop in for a quick drink and go; they generally want to “make an evening of it”, talking to friends or strangers, until closing time, when with a cry of “Time, gentlemen, please!” the landlord stops to serve drinks. This is usually at half past ten in the evening. There is an important peculiarity about pubs. They have strictly-limited hours of opening. Roughly speaking one may expect to find a pub open between 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. and again from about 5:30 p.m. until 10:30 p.m., but it is almost impossible to get strong drinks in England in the early morning, in the middle of the afternoon or at midnight or later.

XIX. Mind different meanings of the word matter. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I can’t help you. It’s your personal matter. 2. What’s the matter? Why do you keep silent? 3. When people gather round the fire the cold and dampness outside doesn’t seem to matter so much. 4. It matters a great deal whether they’ve got our invitation or not. 5. No matter what food is served at this cafe, it’s always tasty. 6. He missed almost a month because of his taking part in the competition and to make matters worse he has fallen ill.

XX. Memorize the following phrases and practise them in the sentences of your own.
A slice of bread/lemon; a slice of fish/meat; a lump of sugar/cheese; a piece of pie; a bowl of soup/salad; a dish of ice-cream.

XXI. To be learned by heart.
Planning a Picnic
Duke: (On the phone) Hello! Ingrid?
Ingrid: Yes, Duke? Is that you?
Duke: I got your card.
Ingrid: I have a silly idea. You will laugh at me.
Duke: What is it?
Ingrid: I would like us to go on a picnic.
Duke: A picnic?
Ingrid: Yes, tomorrow. In Central Park. If the weather is nice. The radio states the weather will be nice. I will bring some cold fried chicken, potato salad, tomatoes, peaches, grapes – things like that. You may bring a bottle of dry wine, if you wish.
Duke: That’s fine. A good idea. Let’s do it. I’ll bring the stuff to drink. When should I pick you up – about eleven?
Ingrid: Excellent. Yes, about eleven. Then we can stay in the park and have our lunch until you must leave. You know a good place?
Duke: Yes. There’s a little place of land that sticks into the lake at Seventy-Second Street. Not too crowded but easy to get to. It’s really a turn-around for cars, but the grass slopes down to the lake. It’s nice.
Ingrid: Duke, it will be fun for us. I have not been on a picnic in many years.
Duke: Yes. I’ll see you tomorrow at eleven.

XXII. Improvise a dialogue inviting your friend to go on a picnic.

XXIII. Read the text and make up a dialogue on its basis.
A Weekend Party
After Michael Saunders
If nobody wants to go to the movies on Saturday night, then there’s always a chance of a party (parents permitting) at someone’s house. The party is informal and food and dancing is the game.
What’s going to be served in liquid refreshment at the party depends on how old you are. In food, things are usually the same no matter what. Everything goes on the table – cold meat, bread, chips, sweets, small cakes and buns, eggs, and things like olives, herring and lumps of cheese on match-sticks – and you can eat all of it with your hands while standing up. No knives and forks please! It’s easy to prepare, and better still, easy to clean up.
Getting back to liquid refreshments, there’s, juice and fruit punch, soft drinks for the younger young people, and wine, whisky and beer for the older young people. When I give a party, all my friends are expected to bring something tasty, or wine, or a dozen bottles of beer. And my friends expect me to do the same – it’s our way of life. Of course, if anyone’s short of money, he comes without and nobody minds. It happens to us all often enough.
XXIV. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give the reason. The following phrases may be helpful.
That’s right; Exactly; Quite so; I agree with you; I don’t agree with you; That’s where you’re wrong; It depends; Tastes differ.
1. There is always a chance of going to a party at somebody’s place on a Saturday night. 2. Young people needn’t ask their parents’ permission when they want to have a get-together. 3. A party young people have in somebody’s home always looks formal when parents happen to stay at home. 4. Young people no matter how old they are can’t help being noisy as they are fond of record sessions and dancing. 5. The success of the party depends on what’s going to be served. 6. Everything goes on the table when young people are having a get-together. 7. It’s convenient to use match-sticks with small lumps of cheese, ham, sandwiches and fruits as you can eat while standing up. 8. When you give a party all your friends are expected to bring some food and drinks with them. 9. A party can’t be given if you are short of money.
XXV. Describe a party (dinner party, a get-together, a record session) you’ve had at your place (or in somebody’s home) lately.
XXVI. Read, memorize and use in your own dialogues.
1
W.: Can I take your order, Sir?
C.: Yes. I’d like to take the steak, please.
W.: And to follow?
C.: Ice-cream, please.
2
– Have you decided on something, Sir?
– Yes. Fish and chips for me, please.
– How about the sweet?
– No sweet, thanks, just coffee.
XXVII. Situation: you are in a restaurant with a friend. Discuss which bagel you order (see the menu below).




BAGEL           
Company
NEW YORK STYLE BAGELS!
BAKED FRESH ALL DAY
● Plain ● Garlic ● Poppy ● Salt ● Onion ● Rye ●
● Egg Whole Wheat ● Chocolate Chip ● Cinnamon Raisin*●
● Oat Bran ● Blueberry ● Spinach ● Cheddar Cheese ●
SPREADS
Your choice of bagel
Butter $  .79
Jelly $  .79
Cream Cheese $ 1.29
Lite Cream Cheese $ 1.49
No Fat Cream Cheese $ 1.59
Baker’s Dozen $ 4.99
1 $  .45   7 $ 3.15
2 $  .90   8 $ 3.60
3 $ 1.35 10 $ 4.50
4 $ 1.80 12 $ 4.99
5 $ 2.25 18 $ 7.69
6 $ 2.70 24 $ 9.98
WE ALWAYS GIVE A “BAKER’S DOZEN”!
Our Bagels Are Low in Fat and Cholesterol
*Cinnamon Raisin – Add 5 c Each
Dozen = 12 bagels
Baker’s Dozen = 12 + 1 bagel for free



XXVIII. Situation: discuss your order using the menu below.
Rockland’s
WASHINGTON’S BARBECUE
and GRILLING COMPANY
Barbecued Pork Ribs
Whole Rack 15.75
Half Rack 8.25
Quarter Rack 4.50
Baby Back Ribs
Whole Rack 13.00
Half Rack 7.00
Barbecued Chicken
Whole 8.50
Half 4.95
Quarter 2.95
Grilled Fish
Market Availability 6.25
Sandwiches
Barbecued Pork – Sliced or Chopped 3.95
Hot Italian Sausage 3.95
Grilled Top Sirloin of Beef 4.75
Barbecued Brisket of Beef 4.75
Pulled Barbecued Chicken 4.95
Marinated Grilled Chicken Breast Filet 5.50
Grilled Leg of Lamb 6.25
Salads and Accompaniments
* Barbecued Baked Beans *
* Salad with Smoked Chicken *
* Traditional Potato Salad *
* Homemade Coleslaw *
* Southern-Style Mustard Greens *
Individual Serving…………………………………..1.25
                Pint – Serves 2-3……………………………………3.00
                Quart – Serves 4-5………………………………….6.00
Grilled Seasonal Vegetables………………………..3.95

New Words
barbecued pork ribs – жареные свиные ребра
whole – полная порция
rack – хребет
half – ½ порции
quarter – ¼ порции
barbecued chicken – жареный цыпленок
grilled fish – жареная рыба
market availability – куплено на рынке из предложенного ассортимента
sliced – порезанный на куски
chopped [t∫ƒpt] – рубленый
hot Italian sausage – горячая итальянская сосиска
grilled top sirloin of beef – говяжья вырезка, жаренная на гриле
sirloin ['sç:lƒIn] – филей
barbecued brisket of beef – жареная говяжья грудинка
pulled barbecued chicken – жареный цыпленок
pulled chicken – ощипанный цыпленок
to marinate (marinade) [,mærI'neIt] – мариновать, солить
breast [brest] – грудь
lamb – барашек
grilled leg of lamb – жареная на гриле ножка барашка
accompaniment [‚'kΛmp‚nIm‚nt] – закуска
salad with smoked chicken – салат с копченым цыпленком
traditional potato salad – традиционный картофельный салат
homemade ['h‚um'meId] – приготовленный по-домашнему
coleslaw ['k‚ul'slƒ:] – салат из шинкованной капусты
southern ['sΛð‚n] – южный
mustard ['mΛst‚d] – горчица, горчичный
greens [gri:nz] – зелень, овощи
southern-style mustard greens – овощи в горчице по-южному
to cater ['keIt‚] – поставлять провизию
catering ['keIt‚rIŋ] – общественное питание

XXIX. Read the text and act it out.
Americans at Home
The President, whether he likes it or not, is the trend-setter (задает тон) in this country, and when he speaks in superlatives it is no surprise that everyone starts picking up the habit.
This kind of talk naturally affects all American families. For example, the other night, just as our family sat down to dinner, my wife announced: “I hope everyone has washed his hands, because I have cooked the greatest meal ever served in the Western Hemisphere.”
“That’s good,” I said, “because I’ve had the hardest day anyone has ever had since Gutenberg invented the printing press.”
My 15-year-old daughter said: “We had the worst test in school today since the Spanish Inquisition.”
“How did your football game go?” I asked my 17-year-old son.
“It was the most magnificent match in the history of intramural sport,” he replied. “And what did you do today?” I asked my 14-year-old daughter. “I had the greatest Coca-Cola I’ve ever drunk in my life.”
My wife served the pot roast. “I hope everyone likes it because it’s the most expensive pot roast we’ve ever had.”
“It is truly delicious,” I said. “And it explains why we have the highest food bills of anyone on the Eastern Sea-coast.”
My wife took this as a personal criticism, “I can’t help it if we’re living in the highest inflationary period in modern times.”
My son saved the situation by asking: “Can I have the car tonight?”
“What for?” I asked. “I’m going to see the greatest movie ever made.” “What’s the name of it?” “I forgot,” he answered.
My 15-year-old daughter said: “Someone has to drive me to Judy’s birthday party. It’s supposed to be the grandest party ever given in the nation’s capital.”
My 14-year-old daughter said: “Then how come you were invited?”
My 15-year-old daughter said, “That’s the most insulting thing anyone has ever said to me. You can take off my best blouse right now.”
“Shut up!” my wife said, “and eat your brussels sprouts. I’m sick and tired of preparing the most fantastic meals ever served in this country, and having vegetables left on the plate.”
“Your mother’s right,” I said. “Besides, I hate to hear you quarrelling during the most splendid banquet I have ever attended in this dining room.” My wife said: “After the most delicious apple pie anyone has ever tasted, I want everyone to help me with the largest pile of dirty dishes I’ve ever seen.”
There were the loudest screams of protests ever uttered by an American family, but no one could escape.

XXX. Memorize the dialogue.
– Have you chosen something, Sir?
– Yes. I think I’ll have the chicken, please.
– What would you like afterwards?
– I’d like some fruit if you have any.

XXXI. Phrasal Verb to give.
to give away – отдавать, дарить
to give out – раздавать (учебники)
to give in – уступать
to give up – отказаться
Make up sentences with this verb.

XXXII. a) Say what food is traditional in your country, the USA, Italy, Britain, Japan, Mexico. b) Read the given information.
Food from Around the World
Every country of the world has some traditional kind of food. Here are some examples.
USA
A hamburger, hot dogs and French fries, from a fast food take-out restaurant.
Italy
Pizza – with a crisp base and different toppings, and spaghetti – one of the many different shaped pastas.
Britain
Roast beef, served with Yorkshire pudding cooked in the meat juices.
Japan
Each dish is beautiful to look at. Sushi is raw fish and rice made into pretty shapes.
Mexico
Food from Mexico is hot and spicy. Meat and beans are cooked with hot chillies. Tortillas are a thick maize pancake.
New Words
French fries – картофель фри
pudding – пудинг
crisp – жареный
pasta – макароны
raw – сырой
spicy – пряный
beans – бобы
chilli – красный перец
maize – кукуруза

XXXIII. Do you know why “hot dog” is called “hot dog”? Give your own version. Read the text.
Hot Dog
July is known in the United States as National Hot Dog Month. Hot dogs used to be called hot dachshunds sausages. The name changed one cold day in the early 1900s, so one story goes. Sports cartoonist Tad Dorgan was covering a baseball game in New York City. Deadline was approaching, and Dorgan needed a cartoon idea. He watched shivering fans snap up hot dachshund sausage sandwiches. Suddenly he had an inspiration. He drew a cartoon of barking sausages wrapped warmly in rolls. Dorgan didn’t know how to spell “dachshund”. Instead, he wrote “hot dogs”. The name caught on. Now hot dogs are one of the nation’s most popular food.
New Words
dachshund (нем.) – такса
cartoonist – карикатурист
to cover – зд. давать в прессу материал
deadline – крайний срок сдачи материала
shivering – дрожащий
inspiration – вдохновение

XXXIV. Translate it into English using the words below.
I. 1. – Давайте приготовим салат на ужин. – Сожалею, но у нас нет салата-латука. 2. – Давайте приготовим немного свежего лимонада. – Сожалею, но у нас нет лимонов. 3. – Давайте приготовим пиццу на ланч. – Сожалею, но у нас нет сыра. 4. – Давайте приготовим цыпленка с рисом. – Сожалею, но у нас нет цыпленка. 5. – Давайте приготовим омлет на завтрак. – Сожалею, но у нас нет яиц. 6. – Давайте испечем торт на десерт. – Сожалею, но у нас нет муки. 7. – Давайте приготовим немного свежего апельсинового сока на завтрак. – Сожалею, но у нас нет апельсинов. 8. – Давайте приготовим сэндвичи на ланч. – Сожалею, но у нас нет хлеба. 9. – Ты ужасно выглядишь! В чем дело? – Прошлым вечером я съела слишком много печенья. – Сколько печенья ты съела? – Я съела так много печенья, что я никогда не буду есть печенье снова. 10. – Как тебе нравится шоколадный торт? – Он очень вкусный. – Я рад, что он тебе нравится. Хочешь еще немного? – Да, пожалуйста. Но не слишком много. Только немного. Мой доктор говорит, слишком много шоколадных тортов вредно для моего здоровья. 11. – Я иду в супермаркет. Тебе что-нибудь купить? – Да, мне нужно немного хлеба, крупы, соды и муки. – Сколько тебе нужно булок хлеба, пакетов крупы и муки, пачек соды? – Только одну булку хлеба, две коробки крупы, одну коробку соды и два пакета муки. 12. – Энн идет в магазин. Она может купить кое-что и для тебя. Тебе что-нибудь нужно? – Да, у меня недостаточно повидла, бананов, овощного супа и отрубного хлеба. – Сколько тебе нужно банок повидла, кистей бананов, пакетиков овощного супа и булок отрубного хлеба? – Только две банки черничного повидла, одну кисть бананов, три пакетика овощного супа и одну булку отрубного хлеба. 13. Рецепт фруктового торта. Три чашки муки высыпать в чашу миксера (mixing bowl). Добавить яйцо и немного сахара. Порезать ломтиками (slice) немного яблок. Разрезать на кусочки (cut up) апельсины. Влить мед. Добавить пищевой соды. Наколоть (chop up) орехи. Добавить соли. Добавить при размешивании (mix in) изюм. Печь в течение 45 минут. 14. – Ты голоден? – Да, я умираю от голода. – Как насчет йогурта? – Этого мало. 15. Закуска была очень сытная. 16. Я так голоден, что мне нужно что-то существенное, что-то вроде жареной говядины или жареного цыпленка. 17. Посмотри в морозильной камере. 18. Может быть, в холодильнике есть упаковка сосисок, по крайней мере. 19. У нас есть ванильное, шоколадное и кофейное мороженое, но им не наешься, нам нужно найти что-то более питательное. 20. Принеси муку. Насыпь 6 чашек муки в миску. 21. Положи ложку клубничного йогурта, добавь чайную ложку соли и перца, смешай осторожно. 22. Я могу первым попробовать это? – Нет, слишком рано. 23. Положи плитку растопленного шоколада. 24. Отвратительно! Никогда не пробовал ничего более отвратительного. 25.  Сейчас моя очередь пробовать! – Это абсолютно несъедобно. 26. - Это самое вкусное, что я когда-либо пробовал в жизни. - Ешь столько, сколько хочешь. 27. Мэри не против еще одной порции куриного бульона. 28. Я бы хотел поднять тост за здоровье, любовь, успех и … время, чтобы от всего этого получать удовольствие. 29. Я пью за нашу дружбу! 30. Я бы хотел предложить тост за взаимопонимание! 31. – Ты хочешь выпить? – Я не пью алкогольные напитки. – А что ты пьешь? – Только безалкогольные напитки, такие, как сок, минеральная вода. Они полезны. 32. – Сьюзан, Том устраивает вечеринку. Что нам купить? – Лучше сухое вино. 33. – Какие орехи ты предпочитаешь: грецкие или арахис? – Миндаль. 34. Летом многие люди собирают в лесу и в своих садах различные ягоды: ежевику, малину, чернику, клубнику, черную смородину, крыжовник, и варят из них варенье. Грибы тоже собирают, их потом маринуют. 35. С древних времен мед считается самым полезным продуктом. 36. Выжми сок из свеклы на соковыжималке. 37. – Какими электроприборами вы пользуетесь на кухне? – Я часто пользуюсь миксером, мясорубкой, соковыжималкой, электрическим консервным ножом, тостером, но я бы очень хотела иметь кухонный комбайн. 38. Потри морковь на терке. 39. Процеди квас через ситечко. 40. Тебе нужно просеять муку, разбавить вино водой, разобрать горох в одну сторону, а гречку – в другую сторону.  41. Уличные торговцы продают, как правило, хот-доги, мороженое и что-то вроде этого. 42. – Что бы ты, Мэрилин, хотела выпить?– Стакан имбирного эля со льдом. 43. – Что вы рекомендуете сегодня? – Я рекомендую салат из лепестков роз. 44. Следуйте за мной. Сюда, пожалуйста. Я позабочусь обо всем.
II. Радость, веселье и надежду, что наши желания исполнятся, дарит нам чудесный праздник – Новый год. Стол в этот вечер должен быть нарядным.
Даже если вы не ждете гостей, постелите красивую скатерть, положите яркие салфетки, поставьте цветы или 2-3 еловые веточки. Украсят стол несколько цветных свечей в подсвечниках. Зажгите их в полночь, погасите свет в комнате.
Заранее обдумайте, какие приготовить блюда, чем порадовать родных и друзей. Ужин лучше всего начать не позднее 21 часа, поскольку обильная еда ночью вредна. Пусть ваш новогодний стол разнообразят салаты, легкие закуски, овощные блюда.
Примерно к 23.30 уберите еду со стола, поставьте чистые тарелки. Новый год принято встречать бокалом шампанского, а оно хорошо сочетается с десертом, мороженым, фруктами. Здесь вы можете проявить и богатую фантазию, и кулинарные способности. Всевозможные фруктовые салаты, желе, коктейли, пирожные из взбитых белков… Как много оригинальных, вкусных, красивых блюд можно приготовить для новогоднего ужина!
Words to be used
to starve, yoghurt, to be light, freezer, packet, to mix up, a bar of melted chocolate, disgusting, spirits, soft drinks, champagne, almond, marinade, juicer, time-saving gadgets = appliances, mixer, mincing-machine, electric can opener, toaster, food processor, grater, to filter = to strain, sieve, kvass, to dilute, buckwheat, street vendor, ginger ale, rose petal salad, gorgeous, candlestick, to light, to gladen, hearty (about food), to vary, culinary, to beat up, white.

XXXV. a) Read and retell the text. b) Say what meals you have in your country.
Meals in Britain
A traditional English breakfast is a very big meal – sausages, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, mushrooms… But nowadays many people just have cereal with milk and sugar or toast with marmalade, jam, or honey. Marmalade and jam are not the same! Marmalade is made from oranges and jam is made from other fruit. The traditional breakfast drink is tea, which people have with cold milk. Some people have coffee, often instant coffee, which is made with just hot water. Many visitors to Britain find this coffee disgusting!
For many people lunch is a quick meal. In cities there are a lot of sandwich bars, where office workers can choose the kind of bread they want – brown, white, or a roll, – and then all sorts of salad and meat or fish to go to the sandwich. Pubs often serve good, cheap food, both hot and cold. Schoolchildren can have a hot meal at school, but many just take a snack from home – a sandwich, a drink, some fruit, and perhaps some crisps.
“Tea” means two things. It is a drink and a meal! Some people have afternoon tea with sandwiches, cakes and, of course, a cup of tea. Cream teas are popular. You have scones (a kind of cake) with cream and jam.
The evening meal is the main meal of the day for many people. They usually have it quite early, between 6.00 and 8.00, and often the whole family eats together.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch. They have roast meat, either beef, lamb, chicken or pork with potatoes, vegetables and gravy. Gravy is a sauce made from the meat juices.
The British like food from other countries, too, especially Italian, French, Chinese and Indian. People often get take-away meals – you buy food at the restaurant and then bring it home to eat. Eating in Britain is quite international!

GRAMMAR
THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH
THE NAMES OF SEASONS
Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a certain time of the year.
e.g. It was spring. I like spring.
The definite article is used when these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
e.g. It happened in the spring of 1930.
The spring was cold and rainy.
The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute.
e.g. It was a cold spring.
When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used.
e.g. It was early spring.

I. Insert articles where necessary.
1. ____ winter was bitterly cold. 2. It was ____ early autumn. 3. ____ summer is my favourite season. 4. October is ____ rainy month. 5. There are many wonderful verses about ____ winter. 6. In ____ spring ____ days become longer and ____ nights grow shorter. 7. ____ children have ____ long vacations in ____ summer and ____ short vacations in ____ winter and ____ spring. 8. ____ summer is ____ good time for sports. 9. It is pleasant to go to ____ country on ____ hot day in ____ summer. 10. It was ____ cold rainy autumn. 11. What is ____ weather like in Siberia in ____ winter? 12. ____ Russian winter is famous for its frosts. 13. Look at ____ sky. It is covered with ____ dark clouds. 14. When it is ____ winter in one part of our country it is already ____ summer in another. 15. It was ____ winter, and ____ night of bitter cold. 16. You see, ____ winter was ____ very bad time for me. 17. It is ____ very dark evening for ____ summer. 18. ____ summer drew to ____ end, and ____ early autumn. 19. I wondered if ____ autumn would come upon us two months before her time. 20. It was ____ lovely evening in ____ spring time of ____ year; and in ____ soft stillness of ____ twilight, all ____ nature was very calm and beautiful. 21. ____ day had been fine and warm; but at ____ coming on of ____ night, ____ air grew cool. 22. It was pretty late in ____ autumn of ____ year when ____ declining sun, struggling through ____ mist which had obscured it all day, looked brightly upon ____ little Wiltshire village. 23. There was going to be ____ election soon, we all knew: this was ____ spring of 1955. 24. It was ____ cold fall and ____ wind came down from ____ mountains. 25. It was ____ fine day, early in ____ spring, and we were in ____ good humour. 26. In ____ winter they used to plan what they would do on ____ warm day in ____ summer. 27. Have you got enough wood for ____ winter? 28. It was ____ wild and snowy winter. 29. When ____ First World War broke out in ____ summer of 1914, Otto Waltz imagined that the fancy dress ball was to become a fancy dress picnic. 30. And somewhere in there, in ____ autumn of 1916, to be exact, ____ old rascal August Gunther died under most mysterious circumstances.

II. Translate it into English.
1. Была поздняя осень. 2. Мое любимое время года — лето. 3. Была дождливая, холодная осень. 4. Зима 1941 года была очень суровой. 5. Осень была исключительно теплая; стояла ясная, солнечная погода. 6. Летом мы всегда живем на даче, а зимой — в городе. 7. Наступила весна. Ярко светит солнце. 8. Пушкин очень любил осень. 9. Какая сегодня великолепная погода! Настоящая весна. 10. Я люблю бывать за городом ранней весной. 11. Лето было очень жаркое, и все стремились уехать из города. 12. Иногда осенью бывает очень хорошая погода.

THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH THE NAMES OF MEALS
Names of meals are used without articles.
e.g. When did you have dinner?
The definite article is used when the nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
e.g. The dinner we had  was very substantial.
The dinner is a success.
The indefinite article is used if the name of a meal is modified by a descriptive attribute.
e.g. After a hearty breakfast the four gentlemen  walked to Gravesand.

I. Insert articles where necessary.
A) 1. Is ____ dinner ready? 2. Mother is cooking ____ supper. 3. While they were at ____ breakfast, ____ letters were brought in. 4. I have finished ____ breakfast, ring the bell. 5. We have ____ breakfast at 8. 6. When ____ lunch was over they went upstairs to rest a little. 7. We all agreed that it was ____ very pleasant dinner. 8. It is not good to smoke before ____ breakfast. 9. Nobody objected to ____ light supper. 10. At ____ dinner we sat far from each other and could not talk. 11. All that made ____ excellent breakfast. 12. When I came down to ____ tea all had already gone. 13. ____ dinner was marvellous. 14. She was not sure whether she should order ____ supper herself. 15. It all happened at ____ official luncheon. 16. When ____ dinner was over she decided to talk to him. 17. As for ____ supper itself it was ____ very tasty one. 18. ____ breakfast was bacon and eggs and coffee. 19. We must organize ____ little dinner to celebrate the event. 20. If you come half an hour before ____ supper you will always find him at home. 21. After ____ dinner sit a while, after ____ supper walk a mile. 22. That night we had ____ lonely little dinner. 23. She came down to ____ breakfast. 24. I shall speak to him at ____ dinner. 25. He said he had letters to write and if I would allow him, would remain in his room till ____ dinner was ready. 26. He came in one morning when I was having ____ breakfast on ____ terrace of ____ hotel and introduced himself. 27. I saw to it that he had ____ good dinner. 28. We had cold bacon for ____ lunch that day. 29. ____ dinner was very sound. 30. Come and have ____ tea on ____ deck.
B) 1. They had ____ supper in ____ silence. 2. In ____ tiny dining-room, we were having ____ excellent dinner, cooked by Mary Osbaldiston. 3. She began to dress for ____ dinner to which she had been invited. 4. When they arrived and mounted ____ stairs, Stephan behaved as usual, and soon they were eating ____ supper which Jan had prepared. 5. He assisted her in setting forth ____ neat luncheon, consisting of ____ cold chicken, ____ ham and ____ tarts. 6. ____ dinner was ____ grand one. 7. I shall be glad to see you at ____ lunch at half past one. 8. He had given me ____ dinner, and ____ good one. 9. They had ____ breakfast of bread-and-butter and an omelette. 10. They had ____ filling but not-too-nourishing breakfast. 11. I made his acquaintance at ____ official dinner. 12. ____ dinner is served.

II. Translate it into English.
1. Мы обедаем в 3 часа. 2. Если ужин холодный, подогрей его. 3. Он никогда не опаздывает к обеду. 4. По утрам, до завтрака, мы ходим купаться. 5. Что у нас сегодня на ужин? 6. Они отказались даже от легкого завтрака. 7. За обедом все говорили о новом директоре. 8. Очень полезно прогуляться после ужина. 9. В конце завтрака я обычно пью кофе. 10. Мой руки, ужин готов. 11. Какой вкусный обед! 12. Садись к столу, обед стынет. 13. Завтрак состоял из хлеба с маслом, сыра и кофе. 14. Наши знакомые пригласили нас на обед. 15. Он пригласил меня в ресторан и угостил дорогим обедом. 16. После великолепного представления они сели ужинать.

THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH THE NOUN “TOWN”
The noun town, when used with prepositions, does not take an article:
a) when we mean the nearest town (if we live in the country) or the town we live in.
e.g. You cannot go to town tomorrow.
b) when the noun town is opposed to the noun country.
e.g. He was not used to country life, having spent twenty years in town.
Otherwise the noun town is used with the definite or indefinite article.
e.g. I want to go to the town where I was born.

I. Insert articles where necessary.
1. Maycomb was ____ old town. 2. Dolores said nothing all ____ way to ____ town. 3. In all probability he was already in ____ town. 4. Among other public buildings in ____ certain town, there is one anciently common to most towns, great or small – ____ workhouse. 5. I’m going to be out of ____ town for a few days. 6. Everybody in ____ town had heard about the kinds of trouble we were in. 7. I have invented an explanation of why Will Fairchild’s ghost is likely to be seen roaming almost anywhere in ____ town. 8. “Do you know Ilium at all?.. It’s ____ family town.”

II. Translate it into English.
1. Почему вы так рано вернулись из города? 2. Я провела все лето в городе. 3. Мы провели несколько дней в маленьком городке на Кавказе. 4. Мы живем на даче, но часто приезжаем в город. 5. Не бери Лору и Сьюзан в город. Они будут постоянно ссориться.

THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH MATERIAL AND ABSTRACT NOUNS
When material and abstract nouns are used in a general sense, no article is used.
e.g. Blood is thicker than water.
Time flies.
Here also belong such uncountable nouns as: work, advice, information, permission, knowledge, weather, news, progress, business, money, poetry, luck, mud, music, pleasure.
e.g. Work first, pleasure afterwards.
When a definite part of the substance is meant (when the noun is modified by a particularizing attribute or is made definite by the situation), the definite article is used.
e.g. She sighed for the air, the quiet, and the liberty of the country.
The beer they were drinking tasted bitter.
Note 1. Abstract nouns modified by an attribute in pre-position are used without articles unless they are modified by a particularizing attribute.
e.g. English literature, Russian art
but: the English literature of the XXth century, the Russian art of the Middle Ages.
Note 2. The abstract noun weather is never used with the indefinite article.
e.g. What fine weather!
It is nasty weather.
When the noun weather is used in a general sense, the definite article is used.
e.g. There are people who say that the weather can influence people’s mood.
When an indefinite part of the substance is meant, some is used.
e.g. We took some bread and cheese with us.
Give me some information on this subject.
Abstract and material nouns can be used with the indefinite article. In this case:
1) the noun denotes a certain kind of a quality, feeling or state, or a certain sort of material or certain amount of it.
e.g. In her eyes there was an eagerness, which could hardly be seen without delight.
Here is a wine you’ve never tasted, I’m sure.
Seventy franks for a beer?
2) The noun nearly always has a descriptive attribute.
e.g. He is a national pride.
3) The indefinite article gives the meaning of something peculiar, narrowing the meaning of the noun.
e.g. “Tess,” he said in a preparatory tone after a silence...
Soon he saw a light in the distance.
4) The indefinite article is used with the nouns period, population, distance, height, salary, etc., followed by “of + numeral + noun”.
e.g. Simpson was out of the city for a period of ten days.
Note 3. Abstract and material nouns are uncountables. Often such one and the same word can be used as a mass noun and as a count noun when it refers to one separate unit composed of the substance or to one occurrence of the phenomenon. As a countable noun it is used with an indefinite article.
e.g. All plants need light. Do you have a light by your bed?
Houses were built of stone. Wait! I have a stone in my shoe.
I will come with pleasure. It will be a pleasure to see you.
Have pity! Have you no shame? What a pity! What a shame!
This is the age of science. Physics is a science.
A city without art is dead. Painting is an art.
Honour must be satisfied. It is an honour for me to be here.
Most men want success. Your play was a great success.
George was a great success in it.
Words that can be used in both those ways include:
bone noise fire duty activity injustice
brick sound pain history agreement justice
cake space war hope decision language
hair time worry thought kindness virtue
Dress (mass noun) = clothing, for either sex, usually for a special occasion; a dress = a frock for a woman or girl.
A justice is a man who administers justice; an injustice is one example of injustice.

I. Insert articles where necessary.
1. She hurried in again and found ____ water almost boiled away. 2. ____ blood is thicker than ____ water. 3. It is such ____ weary work. 4. Rosa tasted ____ wine. It was harsh but refreshing. 5. I had seldom heard my friend speak with such ____ intensity of ____ feeling. 6. You must learn to face ____ life seriously, Stephen. 7. She looked with ____ eager, hungry eyes at ____ bread and ____ meat and ____ beer that ____ landlady brought her. 8. And then, one day, one Sunday, I found out where the fugitive from ____ justice, the model-maker, — where Franklin Hoenikker could be found. 9. I know all how he didn’t care about ____ money and ____ power. 10. The mother was yellow in colour and her skin resembled ____ leather. 11. Mr Pickwick stood in ____ principal street of this illustrious town, and gazed with ____ air of ____ curiosity not unmixed with ____ interest, on ____ objects around him. 12. Andrew was the first to break ____ silence. 13. Soon he saw ____ light in the distance and understood that he was on the right track. 14. The Happy Prince was gilded all over with ____ thin leaves of ____ fine gold. 15. His face was so beautiful in ____ moonlight that little Swallow was filled with ____ pity. 16. “What a lovely bit of ____ glass!” 17. She went about looking into ____ dining room, which had been transformed into ____ kind of jewel box glowing with ____ flowers, ____ silver, ____ gold, ____ tinted glass. 18. There was ____ reflective silence. 19. What ____ pleasure to meet you again! 20. He was silent for ____ time and drew thoughtfully his pipe. 21. We had ____ wonderful weather. 22. ____ dampness of this part of the country disagreed with the travellers. 23. My heart felt as heavy as ____ lead. 24. The maid brought in ____ pears, ____ cold chicken, ____ tongue, ____ cheese. 25. ____ dampness in the air is called humidity.

II. Insert articles or “some” where necessary.
1. We sipped ____ tea so weak that it tasted like ____ metal against the teeth. 2. You will be wishing to have ____ coffee after your journey. 3. There were two bottles of wine, ____ plate of ____ oranges with ____ powdered sugar. 4. She did not answer, but her face was hard and pale as ____ stone. 5. You’ve caught cold: you must have ____ gruel to drive it out. 6. He bought ____ cold beef, and ____ ham, and ____ French bread and butter.

III. Translate it into English.
1. Он не любил кофе. 2. Лингвистика — это наука. 3. Я ходил по аллее и думал о вишневом варенье. 4. Кто-то попросил свет, и я услышал, как чиркнула спичка. 5. Не забудьте дать кошке молока. 6. Чай слишком крепкий, я не люблю крепкий чай. 7. Женщина смотрела на зеленый бархат. 8. Если вы плохо себя чувствуете, не выходите в такую погоду. 9. Он изучает английскую историю. 10. Он изучает историю Англии. 11. Дом Браунов находился на расстоянии пяти миль от почты.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
(ACTIVE VOICE)
had + V3
Affirmative
I had worked (I’d worked)
Negative
I had not worked (I hadn’t worked)
Interrogative
Had I worked?
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: I arrived at the party. We use the Past Perfect to say that something had already happened before this time:
e.g. When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home.
So the Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
e.g. He had finished his work
when I called him.
by 5 o’clock yesterday.
The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case the Past Indefinite is used.
e.g. He got up, went to the bathroom, had breakfast and left for work.
The Past Indefinite is used with the conjunctions after, before, when if the succession of actions should be expressed.
e.g. He had a short rest before he went on with his work.
When I wrote the letter, I posted it.
The Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions
Hardly…
+ Past Perfect… when…+ Past Indefinite,
Scarcely…
Nearly…
Barely…
No sooner… + Past Perfect… than… + Past Indefinite.
e.g. He had hardly done it when they came. (= Hardly had he done it when they came.)
No sooner they had arrived than it started to rain. (= No sooner had they arrived than it started to rain.)


I. Read and translate the sentences.
1. I had to buy a new pen because I had lost the old one. 2. The last electric train had gone when we got to the station. 3. He visited the places where he had fought during the Great Patriotic War. 4. After I had left for work I remembered that I had forgotten to ring you up. 5. We had collected our things and got into the bus before it started raining. 6. When my friend came to see me I had already prepared my lessons. 7. He had read two English books in the original by the 1st of September. 8. Though I came home at 11 p.m. yesterday, my son had not gone to sleep yet. 9. Yesterday we sent him a telegram as we had not received any letter from him for a long time. 10. By the end of January we had passed our examinations. 11. My friend had never been to St. Petersburg before and stopped in front of every building and every monument. 12. The rain had stopped when we left home. 13. Father had already returned from the fields when I came home.

II. Answer the questions.
1. Where had you lived before you came to Novosibirsk? 2. What language had you studied before you began to study English? 3. How many words had you learned by the end of December? 4. Had you passed your last examination by the 15th of January? 5. Why was your friend late for school? 6. What had you done before you left the house? 7. What time had you done your homework yesterday by? 8. What did you do after you had done your homework? 9. What had you done before you went to bed?

III. Ask questions to the sentences.
1. The Petrovs had moved to St. Petersburg before we came to live in that city. 2. After Mary had introduced us to her guests everybody sat down to table. 3. The teacher had looked through all the exercise-books by the time the lesson began. 4. We had discussed all the questions by the end of the week. 5. We had finished our work by 6 o’clock yesterday. 6. I couldn’t recognize him as I had not seen him since we studied at University together.

IV. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
1. Jane (be) _____________ on her way to meet her mother whom she (not/see) _____________ for many years. 2. His wife (be) __________ not in. She (go) _________ out a quarter of an hour before. 3. His smile (be) _____________ something she never (see) _____________ before. 4. Fleur (return) _____________ when he (get) _____________ home. 5. He (come) _____________ into the room a moment after I (get) ____________ there. 6. When evening (fall) _____________ Jack (leave) _____________ the house. 7. He (be) __________ thinner than when I (see) _________ him last, and a little grayer. 8. Just at that moment a boy and a girl (come) ___________ and (sit) _____________ down where the old couple (be) _____________ before. 9. John (stand) _____________ where she (leave) _____________ him.

V. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Когда мы вошли в зал, собрание уже началось. 2. Как только дождь прекратился, мы пошли на реку. 3. Мы прочитали несколько книг о Чайковском, прежде чем поехали на экскурсию в Клин. 4. Где вы работали до того, как поступили в Университет? 5. После того, как мой приятель ушел, я вспомнил, что забыл вернуть ему книгу. 6. Павел закончил свою работу к 8 часам. 7. На следующее утро, когда она уже приготовила себе завтрак, к ней пришли школьные друзья. 8. Она сидела на диване и думала, почему еще не пришло письмо от отца. 9. Он вспомнил Ленинград, который он знал еще до войны. 10. Я не знала, когда он ушел.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
(ACTIVE VOICE)
shall (will) + have + V3
Affirmative
I shall/will have worked We shall/will have worked
You will have worked
He/She/It will have worked They will have worked
I’ll have worked
Negative
I shall/will not have worked We shall/will not have worked
You will not have worked
He/She/It will not have worked They will not have worked
I shan’t/won’t have worked
Interrogative
Shall/Will I have worked? Shall/Will we have worked?
Will you have worked?
Will he/she/it have worked? Will they have worked?
We use the Future Perfect tense to say that something will already have happened before a certain time in the future.
e.g. He will have finished his work
when I call him.
by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

I. Translate it into Russian.
1. We shall have discussed his report by 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 2. Will you have packed all your things by 4 o’clock in the afternoon? 3. I shall have looked through your exercise books by the time you return. 4. We shall discuss his report tomorrow. 5. Will you be still discussing this question when I return?

II. Answer the questions.
1. When will you have read your English book? 2. What time will you have done your work today by? 3. When will your son (daughter) have passed all his (her) examinations? 4. What time will you have prepared your home-work tomorrow by?

III. Ask questions to the sentences.
1. I shall have read your book by the time you come back. 2. They will have left Moscow by the time we come there. 3. We shall have passed our examination by the end of January. 4. The child will have fallen asleep by the time we return home.

IV. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Perfect.
1. We (finish) _____________ all the housework by 6 o’clock this afternoon. 2. I (read) _____________ this book by tomorrow evening. 3. Thousands of people (see) _____________ this exhibition by the end of the month. 4. They (build) _____________ this house long before the end of October. 5. They (do) _____________ half of the journey when they reach the Volga. 6. I (write) _____________ my composition by the time you come back. 7. We’ve got 5 days in Petersburg: we are leaving on Monday; but I’m sure that we (see) _____________ everything of importance by then.


V. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite and the Future Perfect.
1. I (suppose) _____________ when I (come) _____________ back in 2 years’ time they (pull) _________________ down all these old houses. 2. “Your face (be) ______________ dirty, Tom.” “All right, I (wash) _____________ it.” 3. “You have just missed the last train.” “Never mind, I (walk) _____________.” 4. When we (take) _____________ our exams we (have) _____________ a holiday. 5. “You (know) _____________ the way to the Bolshoi Theatre?” “No.” “Then I (show) _____________ you.” 6. By the time you (finish) ____________ cooking they (do) _____________ their work. 7. “May I use your phone to ring for a taxi?” “Oh, there is no need for that; my son (drive) _____________ you home.” 8. By the time he (come) ________________ they (go) ______________________. 9. I still (be) _______________ here next summer but Tom (leave) _____________. 10. I hope it (stop) _____________ snowing by tomorrow morning. 11. If you (think) _____________ it over you (see) _____________ I am right. 12. “I’m going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches.” “You (be) __________ late. By the time you (get) _____________ there they (finish) _____________ their speeches and everybody (go) _____________ home.”

THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE INDEFINITE TENSES
The Present Indefinite Passive
to be (am, is, are) + V3
The Past Indefinite Passive
to be (was, were) + V3
The Future Indefinite Passive
shall/will + be + V3

Indefinite Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Present I am asked
we are asked
you are asked
he/she/it is asked
they are asked I am not asked
we are not asked
you are not asked
he/she/it is not asked
they are not asked am I asked?
are we asked?
are you asked?
is he/she/it asked?
are they asked?
Past I was asked
we were asked
you were asked
he/she/it was asked
they were asked I was not asked
we were not asked
you were not asked
he/she/it was not asked
they were not asked was I asked?
were we asked?
were you asked?
was he/she/it asked?
were they asked?
Future I shall/will be asked
we shall/will be asked
you will be asked
he/she/it will be asked
they will be asked I shall/will not be asked
we shall/will not be asked
you will not be asked
he/she/it will not be asked
they will not be asked shall/will I be asked?
shall/will we be asked?
will you be asked?
will he/she/it be asked?
will they be asked?
We often prefer the passive when it is not so important (or unknown) who or what did the action.
e.g. This house was built in 1930.
In this example, it is not so important who built the house.
In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by or with.
e.g. This house was built by my grandfather.
The room was filled with smoke.
The verbs which take prepositional objects can form passive construction of the following pattern:
smb
smth is sent for
was spoken about
will be laughed at
e.g. The film was much spoken about.
The doctor was sent for.

I. Give the three forms of the following verbs.
Read, write, do, hear, bring, buy, catch, give, take, drink, eat, speak, tell, say, sing, know, send, spend, sleep, shut, lose, leave, break, show, put.

II. Read and translate the sentences.
1. The letter is written with a pen. 2. A lot of books are printed in our country every year. 3. The newspapers are read by everybody. 4. This pupil is much spoken about. 5. It is known that there are sixty minutes in an hour. 6. It is said that he is a good writer. 7. The vet was sent for. 8. The house was built last year. 9. The letter was received by them yesterday. 10. These words were taken from the book. 11. The child will be taken care of. 12. The book will be translated by them. 13. These things will be bought there.

III. Use the predicate in the Past and Future tenses.
1. These books are sold everywhere. 2. The students are given much homework every day. 3. What kinds of books are usually discussed at your lessons? 4. We are told to stop and not to cross the street when the light is red. 5. Wheat is grown in many regions of Russia.

IV. Make the sentences negative.
1. Your answer is expected today. 2. Their exercise books were looked through yesterday. 3. Our work will be finished tomorrow. 4. His report was discussed at the University. 5. Those students will be given some interesting work to do next month. 6. His brother’s work is much spoken about at the factory. 7. The village can be reached before evening. 8. This report will be made by a well-known professor. 9. I shall be taught how to drive a car.

V. Ask questions to the sentences.
1. All the patients are usually examined in room 17. 2. This engineer was introduced to us by the Klimovs. 3. That part of our country is described in many books. 4. The students will be asked many different questions at the examinations. 5. Last month my brother was operated on by professor Glebov. 6. The doctor was sent for two hours ago.

VI. Answer the questions.
1. Where is the sender’s address written in English letters? 2. What was written in the newspaper article you read last? 3. What foreign languages are taught in our schools? 4. When were your parents born? 5. When is International Women’s Day celebrated? 6. When was your home city founded? 7. Is your place often visited by foreign tourists? 8. Is your bag taken away? 9. Will you be invited to the stadium? 10. Will the letters be brought by the postman?

VII. Put the following into the Passive Voice.
1. We hear a sound of a violin in the hall. 2. My sister often takes Bob for his brother. 3. My mother wakens me at 7 o’clock every morning. 4. She found the envelope at last behind the dining-room clock. 5. I brought this book a week ago. 6. A great artist painted this picture. 7. John broke the window the other day. 8. I shall post that letter tomorrow. 9. They will discuss your report next week. 10. The secretary will change our time-table in a week. 11. Tom will meet us at the station.
VIII. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite in the Active or in the Passive Voice.
1. Then the door (shut) __________________ behind him. 2. But when autumn (come) _______________ the cows (drive) ________________ home from the grass. 3. I (lead) ___________________ the way up and as I (reach) ________________ the top the door (open) _____________ by Mr Smith. 4. At lunch nothing (discuss) _____________ but the latest news. 5. “Will you work on this new job all your life?” The question (ask) _____________ with sincere interest. 6. The living-room (sweep) _________________ and (dust) ____________________.

IX. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Его просят
Ему велели прийти сюда.
Ее пригласят
2.
Ему не дали
Им не показали эту книгу
Нам не пришлют
Ей не обещают
3.
Нас ожидают
Их проэкзаменуют в среду.
Вас примут
4.
Письма отправят
Телеграмму принесли утром.
Газеты получают
5.
Их попросили
Нас приглашают принять участие в этой работе.
Ей велят
6.
Его оперировали
Ее искали вчера?
За нами посылали
О них говорили


THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE PERFECT TENSES
The Present Perfect Passive
have been + V3
The Past Perfect Passive
had been + V3
The Future Perfect Passive
shall/will have been + V3
Perfect Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Present I/we/you/they have been asked
he/she/it has been asked I/we/you/they have not been asked
he/she/it has not been asked Have I/we/you/they been asked?
Has he/she/it been asked?
Past I/we/you/he/she/it/they had been asked I/we/you/he/she/it/they had not been asked Had I/we/you/he/she/it/ they been asked?
Future I/we shall/will have been asked
you/he/she/it/they will have been asked I/we shall/will not have been asked
you/he/she/it/they will not have been asked Shall/will I/we have been asked?
Will you/he/she/it/they have been asked?
e.g. The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
I am not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.
The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.
The project will have been finished by June.
For the theory on using the Passive Voice see “The Passive Voice of the Indefinite Tenses”.
There are no passive forms of the Perfect Continuous tenses. The forms of the Perfect tenses Active Voice are used instead.

I. Put the following into the Passive.
1. The secretary has recently brought this letter. 2. Jack has just spilled the milk. 3. My little brother has broken this cup. 4. She has dusted the room carefully. 5. He felt better when he had reached the post-office, bought an envelope and posted the letter. 6. By the time the director came she had typed the letters. 7. They went home after they had finished the work. 8. They wondered why we had not visited him before. 9. Tom has just told me a good story. 10. She told us her name after we had asked her twice. 11. We have never lived in this house. 12. They will have discussed your report by next week. 13. The secretary will have changed our time-table by Monday.

II. Make the following sentences negative.
1. The telegramme has just been sent. 2. A new cinema has been built in our street this year. 3. The letter has not been posted yet. 4. All our parcels had been accepted by the time Jane joined us at the post-office. 5. Such high buildings have never been constructed before. 6. Five new schools have been built in our native town since 1950. 7. All the tickets had already been sold out by the time we came to the box-office. 8. All these questions will have been discussed by the time you come.

III. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Письмо только что получено. 2. Письмо будет получено к 5 часам. 3. Я уже ответил на письмо своего брата, когда вы пришли. 4. На это письмо ответили до того, как вы пришли. 5. За последнее время в нашем городе выстроено много прекрасных зданий. 6. Письмо еще не отправлено, но не беспокойтесь, оно придет в Петербург вовремя. 7. Я прочитал в газете вчера, что эта книга уже переведена на английский язык. 8. Когда я вошел в комнату, все уже было приготовлено к обеду. 9. Я думаю, что к этому времени все магазины уже будут закрыты. 10. Работа будет закончена к 6 часам. 11. Когда я пришел сдавать экзамен, всех студентов нашей группы уже проэкзаменовали. 12. Этот театр был построен до того, как вы переехали в наш город? – Да. 13. К концу этой недели его имя будет известно каждому.


THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE CONTINUOUS TENSES
The Present Continuous Passive
am/is /are + being + V3
The Past Continuous Passive
was/were + being + V3
The Future Continuous Passive = The Future Indefinite Passive
shall/will + be + V3


Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Present I am being asked
we/you/they are being asked
he/she/it is being asked I am not being asked
we/you/they are not being asked
he/she/it is not being asked Am I being asked?
Are we/you/they being asked?
Is he/she/it being asked?
Past I/he/she/it was being asked
we/you/they were being asked I/he/she/it was not being asked
we/you/they were not being asked Was I/he/she/it being asked?
Were we/you/they being asked?
Future The Future Indefinite Passive is used.
e.g. The little girl has been very ill and the doctor says she mustn’t go to school, so she is being taught at home.
I couldn’t use my car last week, it was being repaired.
The theory on using the Passive Voice see in “The Passive Voice of the Indefinite Tenses”.

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. New Metro lines are being built in Moscow. 2. When I came to Leningrad in 1957, the first Metro line was still being built. 3. Listen attentively, a new grammar rule is being explained. 4. What rule was being explained when you came into the classroom? 5. I don’t think the articles will be translated on time. 6. A new building for the picture gallery will be built soon.



II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct voice and tense form.
1. The teacher told the student to look up the rule himself as it (to explain) _____________ many times. “You (to be) _____________ inattentive while it (to explain) _____________,” he said. 2. When I came into the hall, a new film (to show) _____________. I was sorry that I (not to tell) _____________ about the show before as the end (to impress) _____________ me greatly. 3. A new stadium (to build) _____________ opposite our house lately, and my brother says that the number of people taking part in sports events there (to increase) _____________. 4. “Are you ready to leave?” “No, I’m not, some things (to pack) _____________ still and my tickets (not to bring) _____________ yet.” 5. The boy (to tell) _____________ that he (to allow) _____________ to go out only after his homework (to do) _____________ carefully. 6. The mother (to tell) _____________ not to worry about her sick boy. “He (to examine) _____________ soon by the doctor and now he (to take good care of) _____________,” said the nurse. 7. Peter came late to the party, so when he entered the room all the guests (to introduce) ___________ to each other, some of them (to dance) __________, and some (to sing) _____________ in the next room.

III. Put the following into the Passive: past, present and future.
1. Our scientists are examining a new spaceship. 2. Our friends are making preparations to meet them. 3. They are preparing the meal now. 4. Tom and Harry were carrying our suitcases.

IV. Translate the following sentences using the Passive tense forms.
1. Я просмотрел только часть журналов, остальные просматриваются сейчас. 2. Когда я приехал в отпуск в родную деревню, там строили новый клуб. 3. Ваши экзаменационные работы сейчас проверяются. 4. Интересно, что здесь строят? 5. Какие вопросы будут обсуждать сегодня на собрании? 6. Приходите часов в 12, как раз будут обсуждать очень интересный вопрос. 7. О вчерашних событиях сейчас повсюду говорят. 8. Не беспокойтесь. За вашими детьми присмотрят, если вы вернетесь поздно. 9. Пока готовился завтрак, мать пошла к постели ребенка. 10. Аню спрашивали, когда я вошла в комнату, где шел экзамен. 11. Не говорите моему мужу, что меня рисуют. 12. Мне сказали, что около железнодорожного моста строятся два новых дома.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Formation
The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Present Perfect of the auxiliary verb “to be” and Participle I of the notional verb.
In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle “not” is placed after the first auxiliary verb.
Affirmative
singular plural
1. I have (I’ve) been writing 1. We have (we’ve) been writing
2. You have (you’ve) been writing 2. You have (you’ve) been writing
3. He/she/it has (he’s) been writing 3. They have (they’ve) been writing
Interrogative
singular plural
1. Have I been writing? 1. Have we been writing?
2. Have you been writing? 2. Have you been writing?
3. Has he/she/it been writing? 3. Have they been writing?
Negative
singular plural
1. I have not (haven’t) been writing 1. We have not (haven’t) been writing
2. You have not (haven’t) been writing 2. You have not (haven’t) been writing
3. He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been writing 3. They have not (haven’t) been writing
Interrogative-Negative
singular plural
1. Have I not
Haven’t I been writing? 1. Have we not
Haven’t we been writing?
2. Have you not
Haven’t you been writing? 2. Have you not
Haven’t you been writing?
3. Has he/she not
Hasn’t he/she been writing? 3. Have they not
Haven’t they been writing?
The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We distinguish two uses of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense: the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
1. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is used to denote an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.
The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is generally used with since (denoting the starting point of the action), for (denoting the whole period of duration), these two days, etc. (If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite.)
e.g. We have been living in London for about ten years.
Ever since I saw you last I have been thinking about you.
With verbs of feeling and perception (to be, to know, to understand, to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, to want, to wish, to believe, etc.) the Present Perfect Inclusive is used in the meaning of the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and is the only tense possible with these verbs:
e.g. I have known him for some months.
They haven’t seen Lorra since she left for New York.
Note: In colloquial English the verbs to want and to wish are often to be found in the Perfect Continuous form, though they are not used in the Continuous form.
e.g. I have been wishing to speak to you ever since you returned.
The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the present.
e.g. I have been teaching at this school for 20 years.
Я преподаю в этой школе 20 лет.
2. The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was recently in progress but is no longer going on at the present moment.
e.g. You are not well today. You look distressed. You have been weeping.
What have you been doing in the kitchen so long?
The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive is used:
a) to express repeated actions in the past:
e.g. I have been buying pictures.
He has been getting letters from his friend.
How have you been spending your money?
b) to express an activity immediately preceding the moment of speech and serving at the same time as an explanation of or excuse for something:
e.g. – Why are you laughing?
– You see, Nick has been telling funny stories again.
c) with an emotional colouring:
e.g. I suppose you have been telling lies again.
The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive is rendered in Russian by the past imperfective:
e.g. Your eyes are red. You have been crying.
У вас покраснели глаза. Вы плакали.
Comparative Use of
the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive
and the Present Continuous
The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive The Present Continuous
I have been reading “The Financier” for three days.
(the previous duration of the action is expressed) I am reading “The Financier”.
(the action going on at the present moment is expressed)

Comparative Use of
the Present Perfect Inclusive
and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive
The Present Perfect Inclusive The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive
She has taught English at school for five years.
(attention is drawn to the past) She has been teaching English at school for five years.
(attention is drawn to the process of the action continuing for a certain time)

Comparative Use of
the Present Perfect Exclusive
and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive
The Present Perfect Exclusive The Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive
He has made some experiments.
(the action is completed) He has been making some experiments.
(There is an implication of incompleteness)


I. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian.
1. How long have you been waiting for me here? 2. It seems to me it’s been raining for ages. 3. This hat isn’t new at all! I’ve been wearing it for years! 4. How long has he been doing this translation? 5. I’ve been waiting for you for an hour and a half. 6. She’s been working here since 1992. 7. I haven’t seen him since last month. What has he been doing? 8. Since when has the man been sitting here? 9. Have they been waiting long for the director? 10. How long has this question been under consideration? 11. Have you known Mr Sweet long? — Yes, I’ve known him since 1987. 12. Call the children in! They’ve been playing outside since morning. 13. How long have you already been living in London? 14. Since when have they been developing pictures? 15. We’ve been decorating the hall for a week. 16. Tom hasn’t been looking for a dictionary in the library.

II. Do as in the model.
Model: A: John has been sleeping rather long already. (who)
B: John has not been sleeping rather long already.
Has John been sleeping rather long already?
Has John or Mary been sleeping rather long already?
John has been sleeping rather long already, hasn’t he?
Who has been sleeping rather long already?
1. He has been working at his report since 10 o’clock. (since when) 2. They have been writing their test for nearly two hours already. (what) 3. She has been waiting long. (who) 4. His daughter has been playing the piano since morning. (what) 5. They have been discussing this problem for rather a long time. (how long) 6. The child has been reading the book too long. (who) 7. Ann and Roger have been quarrelling for 15 minutes. (who) 8. She has been dreaming to become an actress all her life. (whom) 9. I have been doing my lessons since 4 o’clock. (whose) 10. They have been living in this village nearly a month. (where) 11. You have been writing this translation since your mother came home. (what) 12. We have been playing tennis for about half an hour. (who)

III. Form as many sentences as you can using the following table. Translate the sentences into Russian.
He
Father
Ann
They
We
Henry
Wilson have been
has been looking for
keeping
reading
translating
discussing
looking for
this book
that newspaper
this magazine
these articles
those stories
the letters for a long time
for half an hour
for an hour and a half
a week
since 5 o’clock
since the morning
since I came here

IV. Answer the following questions paying attention to the Perfect Continuous Tense forms.
1. How long have you been studying English (French, German)? 2. What English (French, German, Russian) book are you reading now? Since when have you been reading it? 3. Can you play cards? Since when have you been playing them? 4. How long have you been studying this grammar rule? 5. Where have you been studying since you finished school? 6. How long have you been wearing this sweater? 7. Is Ann your friend? How long have you known her?

V. Make up questions to the italicized words.
1. We’ve been discussing the problem for two hours already. 2. My friends have been cooking since morning. 3. The teacher has been correcting mistakes for some time. 4. The schoolchildren have been learning this subject for a year. 5. The kid has been watching TV since his mother came home. 6. She has been listening to the rock music in her room for the whole day.

VI. Do as in the model.
Model 1. A.: How long have you been waiting? (two hours)
B.: I’ve been waiting for two hours.
1. How long have you been feeling bad? (yesterday morning) 2. How long has Nancy been playing the piano? (several years) 3. How long has the phone been ringing? (five minutes) 4. How long have Mr and Mrs Brown been living on Appleton Street? (1970) 5. How long has Maria been studying English? (ten months) 6. How long has Frank been going out with Sally? (three and a half years) 7. How long have you been having problems with your back? (high school) 8. How long have we been driving? (seven hours) 9. How long has it been snowing? (late last night) 10. How long has your baby son been crying? (early this morning) 11. How long have they been building the new bridge? (two years) 12. How long has Arnold been lying in the sun? (twelve noon)
Model 2. A.: Have they been studying for a long time?
B.: Yes, they have. They’ve been studying all day.
No, they haven’t. They haven’t been studying all day.
1. Have they been arguing for a long time? 2. Has Robert been ironing for a long time? 3. Has Laura been waiting for the bus for a long time? 4. Have you and your friends been standing in line for concert tickets for a long time? 5. Has Ricky been talking to his girlfriend for a long time? 6. Has Jane been looking for her keys for a long time? 7. Have Mr and Mrs Wilson been washing their windows for a long time? 8. Has your car been making strange noises for a long time?

VII. Practice these micro-dialogues in twos.
Model 1. A.: You look tired. What have you been doing?
B.: I’ve been writing letters since ten o’clock this morning.
A.: Really? How many letters have you written?
B.: Believe it or not, I’ve already written fifteen letters.
A.: Fifteen letters?! No wonder you are exhausted.
1. You, wash windows. 2. Dr Anderson, see patients. 3. Mrs Shultz, give piano lessons. 4. Mr and Mrs Johnson, buy Christmas presents. 5. You, pick apples. 6.  Mr Williams, plant flowers. 7. Your grandmother, mend socks. 8. Bob, take photographs. 9. You and your friends, review your English lessons. 10. Jennifer, write thank-you notes. 11. John, go to job interviews. 12. You, fill out income tax forms.
Model 2. A.: I’m nervous.
B.: How come?*
A.: I’m going to fly in an airplane tomorrow, and I’ve never flown in an airplane before.
B.: Don’t worry! I’ve been flying in airplanes for years. And believe me, there’s nothing to be nervous about!
* You can also say: Why?
1. Buy a used car; 2. Have a party; 3. Drive downtown; 4. Go to a job interview; 5. Give blood; 6. Take a karate lesson; 7. Speak at a meeting; 8. Teach an English class; 9. Run in a marathon; 10. Sing in front of an audience; 11. Ask for a raise.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Я жду вас уже 20 минут. 2. Ученые работают над этой проблемой много лет. 3. Джейн всю жизнь мечтает поехать куда-нибудь на восток. 4. Я перевожу статью с самого утра. 5. Она спит уже очень долго. Пора ее будить. 6. Анна и Роджер ссорятся с самого утра. 7. Мы живем в этой маленькой деревушке целую неделю. 8. Вы слишком долго обсуждаете этот вопрос. 9. Вы давно здесь живете? 10. Неужели он действительно так долго занимается? 11. Ты уже уложила вещи? Такси уже 10 минут ждет нас. 12. Он всегда интересовался физикой. Сейчас он работает над новой проблемой. Он работает над ней уже два месяца. 13. Мистер Уайт пишет очень хорошие рассказы. Недавно он закончил одну повесть и сейчас пишет новую. Он пишет ее уже больше месяца и говорит, что пишет ее с удовольствием. 14. Мы здесь уже с начала месяца, но все это время погода плохая. 15. Дождь идет с самого утра. 16. Давно ли ты носишь свои ботинки? Почему у них такой поношенный вид? — Я ношу их всего около полугода. 17. Мы наблюдали за самолетом, пока он не скрылся из виду.

IX. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. How long you (to wait) for me? 2. I (to know) her since my childhood. 3. He (to think) about it for three days. 4. They always (to prefer) theatre to TV. 5. How long she (to study) music? — Oh, she (to study) music since her early childhood. 6. Since she was a little girl she (to try) not to take things seriously. 7. The students (to write) their tests for two hours already. 8. She (to live) in that house round the corner about 30 years. 9. You (to play) too long. It’s high time to do your lessons. 10. She (to be ill) for more than two weeks. I (to miss) her terribly. 11. She (to paint) or pretending to paint for about six hours. 12. I (to do) a great deal of work today. 13. I (to read) your composition. I think you’ll have to polish it up a bit. 14. They (to build) that bridge for several months, but they (not to finish) it yet. 15. He (to grow) so old that he spends most of his time sitting in an easy-chair. 16. “You’ll have to speak louder, I’m afraid. I (to become) very deaf,” said Randall. 17. What you (to do) with yourself, Edward, since I saw you last? 18. I expect you (to have) already a talk with Henry. He looks more cheerful. 19. This picture (to hang) here for as long as I can remember. 20. Edward is coming! How nice! I (not to see) Edward for years. 21. What you (to do) since Sunday? 22. I want to talk to you, Aileen. I (to want) to talk to you for a long time. 23. Well, Bunter? – Everything (to be done) that can be done, my lady. 24. It’s no use denying, my dear Dick, that you (to think) too much lately. 25. He (to lose) his dictionary. He (to look for) it all day, but (not to find) it yet. 26. She (to read) all the plays by Galsworthy. How many you (to read)? 27. Jim (not to be) here for three weeks. 28. I can’t wait any longer. I (to wait) since five o’clock. 29. I (not to have) a good night’s sleep since last week. 30. On the porch he looked over his shoulder and noticed a dark figure disappear round the corner of the house. “Somebody (to follow) me again,” he thought.

X. Practice the dialogues in twos.
Model 1. A.: Guess what I’ve decided to do!
B.: I can’t guess. What?
A.: I’ve decided to get a dog.
B.: You have? That’s great! How long have you been thinking about getting a dog?
A.: For a long time, actually.
B.: Why have you decided to get a dog now?
A.: I’ve decided that if I don’t get a dog now, I never will.
B.: I think getting a dog is a wonderful idea! You’ve made the right decision.
1. Move to Chicago; 2. Buy a new car; 3. Go on a diet; 4. Grow a beard; 5. Go back to college; 6. Start my own business.

Model 2. A.: I have some good news!
B.: What is it?
A.: I’ve decided to quit putting on weight.
B.: That’s great! Do you really think you’ll be able to do it?
A.: I think so. But it won’t be easy. I’ve been putting on weight for a long time.
B.: Have you ever tried to stop putting on weight before?
A.: Yes. Many times. But every time I’ve stopped putting on weight, I’ve started to put on weight again after a few days.
B.: I hope you’ll be successful this time.
A.: I hope so, too. After all, I can’t keep on putting on weight for the rest of my life!
1. Smoke; 2. Gamble; 3. Eat junk food; 4. Be a couch potato; 5. Oversleep; 6. Miss classes.

XI. Replace the infinitives by the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. He (to solve) the crossword puzzle for half an hour. 2. The actors (to rehearse) since early morning; now they (to go over) the first scene as they (not to be) satisfied with their acting. 3. Here you (to be) at last! I (to wait) for you for 20 minutes. You (not to be) ashamed? 4. She (to speak) over the telephone long enough, it (to be) time for her to stop talking. 5. The lecturer (to mention) this name several times but I cannot remember it. 6. He (to work) at the language all the time and (to make) great progress. His phonetics (to be) perfect, only a slight accent (to remain). 7. It (to snow) steadily the whole week and it still (to snow). 8. The typist (to miss) several words as she (to talk) all the time. 9. He says he (to listen) to the same tunes for fifteen years. 10. Wait till you (to see) Moose and (to talk) with him. 11. I (to be) happy. I (to be) always happy. 12. The sun (to shine) with different degrees of heating power in different parts of the world. 13. I must not let my eyes get all red and swollen, or Henry’ll know I (to cry). 14. I want to see how much he (to change) since I saw him last.

XII. Translate it into English.
1. Теперь я поняла. 2. Я всегда интересовалась естественными науками. 3. Кто взял мой словарь? Я уже полчаса ищу его. 4. Она вечно говорит по телефону. 5. Целую вечность вас не видела. 6. Бетти давно хочет жить самостоятельно. 7. Он не играл в шахматы почти десять лет. 8. Псина, ты откуда? Я тебя ушиб? 9. Она уже скрылась за поворотом, а Ричард все стоит и смотрит в окно. 10. Ты что делаешь сегодня вечером?

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Formation
The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Past Perfect of the auxiliary verb “to be” and Participle I of the notional verb.
In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle “not” is placed after the first auxiliary verb.
Affirmative
singular plural
1. I had (I’d) been reading 1. We had (we’d) been reading
2. You had (you’d) been reading 2. You had (you’d) been reading
3. He/she had (he’d) been reading 3. They had (they’d) been reading
Interrogative
singular plural
1. Had I been reading? 1. Had we been reading?
2. Had you been reading? 2. Had you been reading?
3. Had he/she been reading? 3. Had they been reading?
Negative
singular plural
1. I had not (hadn’t) been reading 1. We had not (hadn’t) been reading
2. You had not (hadn’t) been reading 2. You had not (hadn’t) been reading
3. He/she had not (hadn’t) been reading 3. They had not (hadn’t) been reading
Interrogative-Negative
singular Plural
1. Had I not (hadn’t I) been reading? 1. Had we not (hadn’t we) been reading?
2. Had you not (hadn’t you) been reading? 2. Had you not (hadn’t you) been reading?
3. Had he/she not (hadn’t he) been reading? 3. Had they not (hadn’t they) been reading?

The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense
They distinguish two uses of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense: the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive.
1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. Either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. The period of time can be also indicated by such adverbials as for some time, since smb did smth.
e.g. We could not go out because it had been raining since early morning.
We could not go out because it had been raining for two hours.
With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form instead of the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive the Past Perfect Inclusive is used:
e.g. He said he had not seen his parents since 1990.
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is rendered in Russian by the past imperfective.
e.g. I had been reading about an hour when he came.
Я читал около часа, когда он пришел.
2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past (it had just been completed), but which had been in progress not long before. In this case the period of the action is not always mentioned, it is clear from the context:
e.g. He felt very tired when he came home, as he had been playing volleyball since morning.
I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying, not because I was crying then.
Comparative Use of the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The Past Perfect Tense The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said he had worked for twenty years.
(the fact is emphasized) He said he had been working for a long time without achieving final results.
(the process is emphasized)
Comparative Use of the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive The Past Continuous
The magnificent motor-car was waiting at the kerb. It had been waiting for two hours.
(the previous duration of the action is expressed) The magnificent motor-car was waiting at the kerb.
(an action going on at a definite moment in the past is expressed)

I. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian.
1. He said he had been studying English for two years before he joined the courses. 2. I was told your friend had been waiting half an hour before you telephoned him. 3. Though my friend had long been out of practice, he won the Institute Chess Championship. 4. He said he had looked for the magazine everywhere, but he could not find it anywhere. 5. I had been looking for my note-book the whole morning before I finally discovered it under the newspaper. 6. For a long time Mark Twain had been trying to get some poor little corner in the sleeper when suddenly a conductor came up and offered him two good seats. 7. When I saw her last, she was wearing a well-cut sleeveless dress. I don’t think she had been wearing it long. It looked quite new. 8. I realized that he had come away with me in order to discuss once more what he had been already discussing for hours with his sister-in-law. 9. He felt Ann’s clasp upon his arm. She had been saying something to him. 10. There were bits of work, I had been doing them so long and alone because I knew how to do them better than anyone else. 11. There was no doubt that their arrival had transformed the factory for her. Rosa had been working in the factory for about two years. Before that she had been a journalist.

II. Do as in the model.
Model: A.: They had been translating the article for a long time when I joined them. (who, what)
B.: They had not been translating the article for a long time when I joined them.
Had they been translating the article for a long time when I joined them?
Had they been translating or writing the article for a long time when I joined them?
They had been translating the article for a long time before I joined them, hadn’t they?
Who had been translating the article for a long time before I joined them?
What had they been doing for a long time before I joined them?
1. My friend had been serving in the army for ten years before he came to work at our company. (where, who) 2. We had been showing the new engineer around the factory for three hours before he said: “That’ll do for now.” (what, for how long) 3. The scientists had been discussing the plan since the noon. (since when, what) 4. She stated she had been reading the collection of short stories for a month. (what kind of, who) 5. The Campbells had been waiting for a week before the circus arrived. (who, up to when) 6. Mark Twain had been looking for a seat for some time before the porter noticed him. (how long, what) 7. I saw that it was 2 o’clock. We had been sitting there an hour and a half. (who, where) 8. He turned off the electric light. The electric light had been burning all night. (what light, how long) 9. As he was wearing a dinner dress, Fanny asked where he had been dining. (where) 10. Here I saw this man, whom I had lost sight of some time; for I had been travelling in the provinces. (who, where)

III. Do as in the model.
Model: A.: I heard that Arnold failed his driver’s test last week.
B.: Yes, it is... and it’s really a shame. He had been practising for a long time.
1. Lucy lost her job at the bank; work there. 2. Boris lost the chess match; practice. 3. Ted and Carol broke up; go together. 4. Robert did poorly on his English examination; study for it. 5. Sally had to cancel her trip to Canada; plan it. 6. Dick and Janet cancelled their wedding; plan to get married. 7. Mrs Gold had another heart attack; feel better. 8. Mr and Mrs Hardy moved; live in this neighbourhood. 9. Lisa got sick and couldn’t see the parade; hope to see it. 10. Roger caught a cold and couldn’t go camping; look forward to it.

IV. Read and practise.
Patty had planned to have a party last weekend.
She had been getting ready for the party for a long time.
She had invited all her friends.
She had cooked lots of food.
And she had cleaned her apartment from top to bottom.
But at the last minute, she got sick and had to cancel her party.
Poor Patty!
She was really disappointed.
Michael had planned to ask his boss for a raise last week.
He had been preparing to ask his boss for a raise for a long time.
He had come to work early for several weeks.
He had worked late at the office every night.
And he had even bought a new suit to wear to the appointment with his boss.
Unfortunately, before Michael could even ask for a raise, his boss fired him.
John and Julia had planned to get married last month.
They had been planning their wedding for several months and all of their friends and relatives had been looking forward to the ceremony.
Julia had bought a beautiful wedding gown.
John had rented a fancy tuxedo.
And they had sent invitations to 150 people.
But at the last minute John “got cold feet”* and they had to cancel the wedding.
* “got cold feet” means “get scared”.

V. Talk to other students in your class about plans you had that “fell through”.
What had you planned to do? How long had you been planning to do it? What had you done beforehand? What went wrong? (What happened?) Were you upset? Disappointed?

VI. Translate it into English.
1. Мама готовила сэндвичи до того, как зазвонил телефон. 2. Она долго работала в саду. Она не знала, что происходит в доме. 3. Я не знала, что вы меня ждали. 4. Я был занят с тех пор, как видел вас в последний раз. 5. Он сказал, что они выполняли эту работу с августа. 6. Она смотрела на меня с минуту, потом отвернулась и вышла. 7. Сэм уже несколько недель посещал занятия, прежде чем он начал рисовать красную розу. 8. Мисс Ролстон пробыла в Филадельфии около недели, прежде чем поняла, что ничего не может сделать для Сэма. 9. Элиза была очень утомлена, так как целый день ходила. 10. Молодые художники жили несколько месяцев вместе, прежде чем Джонси заболела. 11. Ленни долгое время мечтал о том, чтобы уехать из города, прежде чем сообщил друзьям о своих планах.


VII. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
A. 1. He (to read) his evening paper as usual when a friend of his called him on the phone. 2. He (to read) before the fire for half an hour when the telephone rang. 3. When we went to see them last night, they (to play) chess; they said they (to play) since six o’clock. 4. She felt chilly after she (to swim) for an hour. 5. They told me that Ben still (to swim). 6. The boys (to play) football and did not hear their mother calling them from the window. 7. The boys were tired because they (to play) football. 8. We (to work) in silence for some time when John spoke. 9. He (to look) three or five minutes at the fire and (to think) of something. 10. He asked me what I (to look) for. 11. She (to put) aside the book she (to read) and (to stand) up from the table. 12. When I entered the room Sir George (to talk) in a loud voice.
B. 1. They (to drive) in the car for many hours before they (to come) to the crossroads. 2. The scientists (to carry) out dozens of experiments before they (to achieve) satisfactory results. 3. The violinist (to practise) the passage hour after hour until he (to master) it at last. 4. He told me he (not to see) much of her since he (to move) to another place. 5. He (to consult) his watch nervously several times before he (to see) her at the end of the platform. 6. My sister (to make) soup in the kitchen and (not to hear) the bell. 7. Roger (to say) he (to come) back in an hour. 8. The silence in the room (to tell) that the rain (to stop). 9. Then she (to get) up and (to go) to the kitchen and (to open) the fridge. 10. For some time she (not to realize) where she (to be) and what (to happen).
C. 1. I think he showed me about thirty canvases. It was the result of the six years during which he (to paint). 2. Mr Moore (to sit) silent for several minutes. 3. Then she found that the tears (to flow) quietly from her eyes. Perhaps they (to flow) for a long time. 4. After he (to leave) school he (can) not find a job and (to decide) to go to New York. 5. Monty (to tremble) too in fits which shook his body from top to bottom. 6. Johnson (to stay) in those islands for eight months, awaiting some sort of transportation to the Western Hemisphere. 7. By that time Johnson (to develop) a conviction that something (to try) to get him somewhere for some reason. 8. He told me about a factory that (to grow) big crystals. 9. The girls (to prepare) to sing in the outer office. 10. The room that (to be) the laboratory of Dr Felix Hoenikker was on the sixth floor, the top floor of the building.

VIII. Translate it into English, using the proper tense.
1. Он уехал в тот день, когда я приехал. 2. Все эти дни он работал усерднее, чем ты. 3. Почему ты не слушаешь, когда я говорю с тобой? 4. Не возвращайся, пока не найдешь его. 5. Вы давно знаете друг друга? 6. Я сейчас работаю усиленно, чтобы догнать группу. Я был болен две недели. 7. В тот вечер у нас было очень мало времени, так как мы уезжали на следующий день. 8. Холодный ветер со снегом дул с Альп; в долину пришла зима. 9. Мальчик чувствовал себя виноватым, так как целый день играл в снежки и не сделал уроков. 10. Я вижу, все смеются. Ты опять рассказываешь небылицы! (to tell tales) 11. Сколько времени вы занимаетесь спортом? – С детства. 12. Девочка вскочила со скамьи, на которой сидела, и побежала встречать мать, которая как раз входила в сад с улицы. 13. Лекция еще не началась, и студенты болтали и смеялись. 14. Он не мог не думать о том, что уже где-то видел это лицо прежде.

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Formation
The Future Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb “to be” in the Future Perfect and Participle I of the notional verb.
In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle “not” is placed after the first auxiliary verb.
Affirmative
singular plural
1. I shall (I’ll) have been working 1. We shall (we’ll) have been working
2. You will (you’ll) have been working 2. You will (you’ll) have been working
3. He/she will (he’ll) have been working 3. They will (they’ll) have been working
Interrogative
singular plural
1. Shall I have been working? 1. Shall we have been working?
2. Will you have been working? 2. Will you have been working?
3. Will he/she have been working? 3. Will they have been working?
Negative
singular plural
1. I shall not (shan’t) have been working 1. We shall not (shan’t) have been working
2. You will not (won’t) have been working 2. You will not (won’t) have been working
3. He/she will not (won’t) have been working 3. They will not (won’t) have been working
Interrogative-Negative
singular plural
1. Shall I not
Shan’t I have been working? 1. Shall we not
Shan’t we have been working?
2. Will you not
Won’t you have been working? 2. Will you not
Won’t you have been working?
3. Will he/she not
Won’t he/she have been working? 3. Will they not
Won’t they have been working?
The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment.
e.g. We shall have been working at this problem for a month when you visit us a second time.
By the end of this month, we shall have been learning this language for ten years.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is seldom used in Modern English (the Future Perfect Tense is used instead).
e.g. By this time next year our teacher will have taught at our Institute for 25 years.


THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
The sequence of tenses is a certain dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause: if the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The rule is generally observed in object clauses.
e.g. I thought you had better sense. (Dreiser)
I always thought it would come to this.
Note: It is implied in the rule of the sequence of tenses that if a present or future tense is used in the principal clause, any tense required by the sense can be used in the subordinate clause;
e.g. I’ve seen which way the wind is blowing. (Dreiser)
If the past action expressed in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that expressed in the principal clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the subordinate clause:
e.g. I thought you had more courage than this. (Dreiser)
Я думал, что у вас больше мужества.
He looked at Cowperwood and saw at once... that the latter was preparing a big fight of some sort. (Dreiser)
Он посмотрел на Каупервуда и сразу понял, что тот замышляет какой-то бой.
If the past action expressed in the subordinate clause is prior to that expressed in the principal clause, the Past Perfect is used in the subordinate clause:
e.g. He knew that she (Hetty) had not had time to read the letter. (Eliot)
Он знал, что она еще не успела прочесть письмо.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause lasted a certain time before the action expressed in the principal clause, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Perfect Inclusive is used in the subordinate clause.
e.g. He realized that the old life he had lived in that city since boyhood was ended. (Dreiser)
Он понял, что та жизнь, которой он жил в этом городе с детства, окончилась.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is posterior to that of the principal clause the Future in the Past is used.
e.g. He knew they would read the book the following year. (Future Indefinite in the Past)
He knew they would have read the book by the 1st of June. (Future Perfect in the Past)
Occasionally we find examples of should being used with the 3rd  person and would with the 1st. This generally occurs when the speaker wants to preserve the same verb that was used by the original speaker.
e.g. See! Here’s his writing; I made him put it down this morning when he told me he shouldn’t be back before I came here. (Dickens)
He asked me if there wasn’t any hope that I would change. (Webster)
If there are several subordinate clauses in a sentence, the rule of the sequence of tenses is observed in all of them.
e.g. As the weeks went by... he began to believe that she had been able to think of her girlish fancy that Arthur was in love with her and would marry her as a folly of which she was timely cured. (Eliot)
The rule of the sequence of tenses also holds good when a past tense is used in a subordinate clause to which other clauses are subordinated.
e.g. She says he knew they would never return. (Bennett)
He said he was sure you were in.
It should be noted that the rule of the sequence of tenses is observed after verbals if they depend on a finite verb in the past tense:
e.g. Cowperwood stood by his desk... wondering where he should get one hundred thousand dollars. (Dreiser)
In Russian, the tense of the verb in the subordinate clause does not depend on the tense of the verb in the principal clause.
Tenses Used in English and Russian Subordinate Clauses after a Past Tense in the Principal Clause
English Russian
Past Indefinite Present
I knew she played the piano every day. Я знал, что она играет (играла) на рояле каждый день.
Past Continuous Present
I knew she was playing the piano and did not want to disturb her. Я знал, что она играет (играла) на рояле, и не хотел ее беспокоить.
Past Perfect Past
I knew she had played the piano at the evening party. Я знал, что она играла на рояле на вечере.
Past Perfect Continuous
(Past Perfect Inclusive) Present
(in affirmative sentences)
I knew she had been playing (had played) the piano for two hours. Я знал, что она играет (играла) на рояле два часа.
Past Perfect Past
(in negative sentences)
I knew she had not played the piano for a long time. Я знал, что она давно не играла (не играет) на рояле.
Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive Past
I knew she had been playing the piano. Я знал, что она играла на рояле.
Future in the Past Future
I knew she would play the piano at the evening party. Я знал, что она будет играть на рояле на вечере.
The sequence of tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth:
e.g. The pupils knew that water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.
In political language a present tense is often used in the object clause after a past tense in the principal clause.
e.g. The speaker said that the peoples want peace.
The sequence of tenses is often not observed if something is represented as habitual, customary, or characteristic.
e.g. He asked the guard what time the train usually starts. (Curme)
He did not seem to know that nettles sting. (Curme)

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH
If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses.
The Present Indefinite is replaced by the Past Indefinite.
e.g. She said, “We often write letters.”
She said they often wrote letters.
The Present Continuous is replaced by the Past Continuous.
e.g. She said, “We are writing a letter.”
She said they were writing a letter.
The Present Perfect is replaced by the Past Perfect.
e.g. She said, “We have just written a letter”.
She said they had just written a letter.
The Present Perfect Continuous is replaced by the Past Perfect Continuous.
e.g. She said, “We have been writing for an hour.”
She said they had been writing for an hour.
The Past Indefinite is replaced by the Past Perfect.
e.g. She said, “We wrote a letter last night.”
She said they had written a letter on the previous night.
The Past Continuous generally remains unchanged, or is replaced by the Past Perfect Continuous.
e.g. She said,“I was writing at 5 o’clock.”
She said she was (had been) writing at 5 o’clock.
The Past Perfect remains unchanged.
e.g. She said, “We had written the letter by 5 o’clock.”
She said they had written the letter by 5 o’clock.
The Past Perfect Continuous remains unchanged.
e.g. She said, “We had been writing for an hour by 5 o’clock.”
She said they had been writing for an hour by 5 o’clock.
The Future Indefinite is replaced by the Future Indefinite in the Past.
e.g. She said, “We’ll write a letter to-morrow.”
She said they would write a letter the next day.
The Future Continuous is replaced by the Future Continuous in the Past.
e.g. She said, “We’ll be writing at 5 o’clock.”
She said they would be writing at 5 o’clock.
The Future Perfect is replaced by the Future Perfect in the Past.
e.g. She said, “We’ll have written the letter by 5 o’clock.”
She said they would have written the letter by 5 o’clock.
The Future Perfect Continuous is replaced by the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
e.g. She said, “We’ll have been writing for 2 hours by 5 o’clock.”
She said they would have been writing for 2 hours by 5 o’clock.
If the Past Indefinite in direct speech denotes an action taking place at a definite moment, it remains unchanged in indirect speech.
e.g. She said, “I had left home before the telegram came.”
She said she had left home before the telegram came.
The Past Indefinite after since generally remains unchanged.
e.g. She said, “I have been writing since I came.”
She said she had been writing since she came.

Indirect questions
Word order in an indirect question is the same as in a statement.
An indirect general question is introduced by the conjunction if or whether.
e.g. I said to her, “Have you lived here long?”
I asked her if she had lived there long.
She asked if she knew him. (Bennett)
An indirect special question is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct question.
e.g. I said to her, “Where do you live?”
I asked her where she lived.
I asked her where she was going and where her friends were. (Ch. Bronte)
If a direct question to the subject contains the link verb to be, the direct order of words is not always strictly observed.
e.g. He asked, “Who is that man?”
He asked who the man was/who was the man.
The direct question What is the matter? can be converted in two ways:
e.g. He asked what was the matter.
He asked what the matter was.
Indirect questions are generally introduced by the verb to ask. In more official style the verb to inquire is used.
e.g. She called at the office and said, “When does the secretary usually come?”
She called at the office and inquired when the secretary usually came.
If the person addressed is mentioned, the verb to inquire is used with the preposition of. This occurs in bookish style only.
e.g. She said to him, “Where does Mrs Brown live?”
She inquired of him where Mrs Brown lived.
In rendering answers the verbs to answer and to reply are generally used.
Occasionally, answers are rendered in the following way: His reply (answer) was that... He said in reply... This is not colloquial.
Indirect orders and requests
An order or a request in indirect speech is expressed by an infinitive:
e.g. She said to him, “Open the window (Do not open the window).”
She told him to open the window (not to open the window).
She said to him, “Please, open the window (Do not open the window).”
She asked him to open the window (not to open the window).
The choice of the verb is determined by the character of the order (request).
Indirect offers, suggestions and advice
When converting offers and suggestions into indirect speech, we use the verbs to offer and to suggest. There is a difference between these two verbs, though both are rendered in Russian by “предложить”: the person who makes an offer intends to do the action himself, and the action is an act of kindness. A suggestion may also be an act of kindness, but not necessarily; the person who makes a suggestion may or may not intend to do the action himself.
e.g. He said to her, “Shall I fetch you a glass of water?” She said, “Do, please.” (“No, don’t trouble.”)
He offered to fetch her a glass of water and she accepted the offer (declined the offer).
He said to her, “Suppose we go there together?” She said, “Very well.” (“No, I would rather you went alone.”)
He suggested that they should go there together and she consented (refused).
Note: If the verb to suggest is followed by a subordinate clause, the predicate of the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb in the analytical form of the Subjunctive Mood with the auxiliary should.
Sentences expressing advice are converted into indirect speech by means of the verb to advise.
e.g. He said to them, “You had better take a taxi, you may be late.”
He advised them to take a taxi, as otherwise they might be late.
Indirect exclamations
When exclamations are converted into indirect speech, it is not so much the verb as the adverbial modifier which shows the character of the exclamation – whether it expresses joy, sorrow, surprise, etc.
e.g. She said, “How pleasant! Jane is going to spend a week with us!”
She cried joyfully (with joy, delightedly) that Jane was going to spend a week with them.
She said, “I am so sorry! Jane is leaving us!”
She said sadly (with deep sadness, sorrowfully) that Jane was leaving them.
She said, “I am sure we’ll never meet again.”
She said regretfully she was sure they would never meet again.
She said to them, “I’m sure you’ll soon forget me.”
She said with bitterness that she knew (was sure) they would soon forget her.
She said to him, “You are telling a lie!”
She cried indignantly (with indignation) that he was telling a lie.
She said to him, “Do you mean to say you’ve already read all the books?”
She asked in surprise if he had really read all the books.
She said to him, “Excuse me for disturbing you.”
She apologized (to him) for disturbing him.
She said to him, “I beg your pardon, I’ve forgotten to bring you the book.”
She begged his pardon for having forgotten to bring the book.
She said to him, “Do forgive me for what I’ve done.”
She begged his forgiveness (implored him to forgive her) for what she had done.
She said to them, “Thank you for your help.”
She thanked them (expressed her gratitude to them) for their help.
Greetings and leave-taking in indirect speech
When converting greetings and leave-taking into indirect speech, we use such verbs as to greet, to welcome, etc.
e.g. She said to them, “How do you do?”
She greeted them.
He said to them, “Happy to see you at my place.”
He welcomed them.
He said to them, “Good-bye!”
He bade them good-bye.
He said to them, “Good night!”
He wished them good night.
Remember to change some words in indirect speech:
here  there now  then
today  that day yesterday  the day before
tomorrow  the following day tonight  that night
ago  before
this  that
these  those
last month (year, etc.)  the previous month (year, etc.)

I. Put the following into indirect speech.
A. 1. “I look upon him as a friend,” says Tom. 2. “Ernie’s an educated man,” remarks Florrie. 3. “I’m a great reader,” says Tony. 4. “Jack is on the terrace. He is playing chess with his brother,” says Nelly. 5. “I can’t understand what he is talking about,” replies Bessie. 6. “They will be ready soon,” says Eliza. 7. “I’ll tell you when I’ll be back,” Nora says to Jack. 8. “He will be glad to go back,” she says. 9. “You have known me long,” Barbara says to Martha. 10. “He was born in Moscow,” she says.
B. 1. “He always has dinner there,” she said. 2. “I’m her guest at the moment,” he said. 3. “John always comes home to lunch,” said Martha. 4. “I am learning French,” said Florrie. 5. “The taxi is waiting,” Bentley said to Constance. 6. “I’ll be back in 5 minutes,” said Bessie. 7. “I’ll go in and see him before I go to bed,” said Stella. 8. “You won’t be able to see me on Tuesday,” she said to Jack. 9. “We shall not do that,” he said. 10. “I shall wait for Sheppey,” said Bolton.
C. 1. “You behaved very badly yesterday,” Pearl said to her. 2. “Marie-Lousie arrived last night and I’m expecting her every minute,” says Constance. 3. “He’ll meet Bessie here today,” she says. 4. “I think Mother and Major Liconde will be here tomorrow,” says Colin. 5. “I met Flora at lunch today,” said Clay. 6. “You’ve never looked so beautiful as you looked tonight,” he said to his wife. 7. “I spoke to her on the telephone two months ago,” she said. 8. “Arnold’s father arrived last night,” said Elizabeth. 9. “I’ll have another talk with Dick tomorrow myself,” said the doctor. 10. “I’ve not seen him this morning,” she said.
D. 1. “Step this way, please,” Albert said to him. 2. “Take off your coat,” Maurice said to his wife. 3. “Sit down and have something to eat, children,” said Mrs Tabret. 4. “Were you lunching together,” said Martha. 5. “Does he know French and German?” said Pearl. 6. “Are we having tea in the kitchen?” she asked Tom. 7. “Aren’t Bessie and Harry Bleane here?” she asked him. 8. “Is there a word of truth in this story?” Harvester asked Mrs Tabret. 9. “Have you missed me?” said his mother. 10. “Have you been expecting me?” Bessie asked Sheppey.
E. 1. “Tom wants to know if you are free tomorrow,” she said. 2. “Richard Twining is coming to dinner tonight,” said Pearl. 3. “I asked him to come today,” said Constance. 4. “Jane rang me up an hour ago,” said Jack. 5. “Will you tell Major Liconde what instructions you gave me last night?” she said to Harvester. 6. “I went to Kiev 7 years ago,” said Anna. 7. “I saw a very good film last night,” she said. 8. “All that was a long time ago,” he said. 9. “What are you reading now, Jack?” she said. 10. “Have you ever seen this before?” she said to him.

II. Put the following into direct speech.
1. She told him she would help him. 2. She said that she was ill and tired. 3. Maurice told Stella that she was the best dancer he had ever danced with. 4. Constance said that Martha had rung her up an hour before. 5. Bessie asked Florrie how much longer she was going to stay there. 6. She said that Maurice was so strange that day. 7. She asked him to come in. 8. She told him that she would do all she could. 9. Tony told Helen that she had said that the previous week. 10. She said that she would be all right in a minute.

III. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses.
1. Когда я позвонил ему домой, мне сказали, что он только что ушел. 2. У меня было очень мало времени. Я думал, что они уже уедут, прежде чем я приду туда. 3. Я сказал Тому, что позвоню ему сегодня вечером. 4. Я знала, что вы меня спросите об этом. 5. Мой друг сказал мне, что он только один раз был в Москве. 6. Вы сказали, что поможете мне. 7. Я вспомнил, что он навещал нас 5 лет назад. 8. Он спросил меня, завтракал ли я. 9. Я знаю, они вам сказали, что все будет хорошо. 10. Я думала, что они скоро вернутся.

MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs express the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state indicated by the infinitive which follows them. The speaker may represent an action or state as necessary or unnecessary, possible or impossible, certain or doubtful, etc. The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, shall, will, would, need, dare. There are also the modal expressions «to be to + Infinitive» and «to have to + Infinitive».
Modal verbs are called defective verbs because they do not have some verbal characteristics. Modal verbs have the following peculiarities:
1) they don’t have the forms of the infinitive and participles;
2) their forms are the same for all persons, there is no -s in the third person singular;
3) they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to (with the exception of ought);
4) they form the negative and interrogative forms without the auxiliary verb do.
To make a question we place the modal verb before the subject:
e.g. Can you do it now? May I take this book?
To make a negative form we put the negative particle not after the modal verb:
e.g. You must not take this book.
All the modal verbs have two negative forms – a full negative form and a contracted negative form:
may not – mayn’t [meInt]
might not – mightn’t [maItnt]
must not – mustn’t [msnt]. Pay attention to the absense of sound [t] in the pronunciation!
should not – shouldn’t [∫dnt]
need not – needn’t [ni:dnt]
could not – couldn’t [kdnt]
The full negative form of the modal verb can is always written as one word cannot ['kænƒt], ['kæn‚t], and its contracted form is can’t [ka:nt]. The form cannot is mostly used in written English.
Note: The peculiar contracted forms of the two modal verbs:
shall not – shan’t [∫a:nt]
will not – won’t [w‚nt]
In the English language most commonly used modal verbs are: can [kæn] – могу, умею; may [meI] – могу, можно, must [mst] – должен, нужно, надо.
These modal verbs express the following meanings:
1. Ability – be able to, be capable of.
If you want to say that someone is able to carry out an action use can. It can express:
1) physical ability:
e.g. He can play football.
He can’t do this work well.
2) mental ability:
e.g. My son is 4 years old and he can read. (He is able to read.)
Can you speak French?
3) circumstantial ability:
e.g. I can’t find my keys!
Can you remember her name?
Could is used in the past:
e.g. He was late for school because he couldn’t find his bag.
2. Permission – be allowed to, be permitted to.
If you want to give or ask for permission, use can or may. May is more polite and formal than can.
e.g. You can leave when the bell rings.
Customers may buy extra copies at half price.
I’m sorry you can’t park here. (You are not allowed to park here.)
Could is a polite way of asking for permission.
e.g. Could I leave early today?
Might is a very formal and old-fashioned way of asking for permission.
e.g. Might I borrow your umbrella?
3. Possibility.
If you want to say that something is possible, use can or may. May is more polite and formal than can.
e.g. You can go by bus from London to Liverpool.
You may find the manager in the office.
The verb can in this meaning used with verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear) is not translated into Russian.
e.g. I can’t see that tree. – Я не вижу то дерево.
Can you hear the music? – Ты слышишь музыку?
4. Obligation.
If you want to demand that someone does something or something happens, use must. You can also use this idea about yourself to express a duty.
e.g. The builders must finish the job today.
We mustn’t leave the house before 6 o’clock.
I must remember to bring my notebook.
The negative form mustn’t expresses strong and categoric prohibition.
e.g. May I speak to him? – No, you mustn’t. – Нет, нельзя.
You mustn’t play with matches. – Нельзя играть со спичками.
Visitors mustn’t feed the animals. – Посетителям (зоопарка) запрещается кормить животных.
5. Necessity.
If you want to say that it is necessary for something to happen, use must.
e.g. We really must go now.
I must get my hair cut this weekend.
If you want to express the opposite meaning – absence of necessity – use needn’t.
e.g. There is a lot of time so you needn’t worry.


I. Make up questions and negative sentences
A. 1. I can show you an interesting picture of this city. 2. He can give you his report on the life of Jack London. 3. His brother could play the piano very well. 4. She could translate these English texts.
B. 1. You must attend a lecture on German History on Tuesday. 2. You must return my magazines on Wednesday. 3. You must take your children to the country for the weekend. 4. I must go to see my grandmother on my day off.
C. 1. You may discuss these questions after work. 2. They may take four magazines from that shelf. 3. She may sit on the sofa in my study. 4. He may leave Moscow on Saturday.

II. Define the meaning of the modal verb.
1. There is nobody in Room 35. You can work there. 2. It’s too dark. I can’t see anything. 3. – Can I use your typewriter? – Yes, certainly/Of course, you can. 4. – Can I take your textbook? – I’m afraid you can’t. I’m going to do some exercises. 5. – Can I park here? – I’m not sure. 6. – Can I stop here? – Certainly not/Of course, not. 7. – May I ask you a question? – Yes, you may. 8. – May I take your pen? – Do, please. 9. – May I come in? – Yes, of course/Certainly. 10. – May I smoke here? – I’m afraid not. 11. – May I cross the street now? – No, you mustn’t. There is a red light on. 12. – Must I come on Monday morning? – Yes, you must. 13. – Must I do this exercise in writing? – No, you needn’t. You may do it orally. 14. – I think Mary is a nice girl. – Can she dance? – Of course, she can, and she can sing as well. 15. – Can you write shorthand? – No, I can’t. 16. – May I use your typewriter? – Yes, you may. – And can Jack borrow your bike? – No, he can’t. 17. – I must say good-bye to you now. – Can’t you stay a little longer? – I’m afraid I can’t. I must do some work at home. – What a pity. Good-bye. 18. – Peggy is coming to see us today. – When? – This afternoon. – Then I must go and meet her at the station. 19. – I’m going fishing. Can Nick come with me? – No, he can’t. – Why not? – Because he must stay at home and prepare for his exam. 20. You must come round for a meal some time.

III. Express agreement. Do it as in the model.
Model: – Helen is a good pianist.
– You are right. She can play the piano very well.
1. Jack is a good jumper. 2. My brother is a good swimmer. 3. Robert is a good skater. 4. Mrs Brown is a good singer. 5. Alec is a good dancer. 6. Mike is a good football player. 7. Mr Smith is a good teacher. 8. He is a good chess player. 9. Mrs Green is a good cook. 10. Miss Smith is a good typist. 11. Mr Brown is a good painter.

IV. Ask for additional information.
Model: – I can’t play cricket. (what games)
– What games can you play?
1. You can’t take all these books. (which books) 2. She can’t finish the work tonight. (when) 3. You can’t keep the book long. (how long) 4. I can’t visit Peter tonight. (when) 5. We can’t stay at this hotel. (where) 6. He can’t help me. (why) 7. Betty can’t speak Spanish. (who)
V. Make sentences using can.
Learning English
Watching television
Visiting relatives
Winter sports
Going to the dentist
Meeting new people
Travelling can sometimes
often
occasionally be exciting.
boring.
interesting.
painful.
hard work.
dangerous.
good fun.

VI. Which of these things can you do? Which can’t you do? Write sentences like this:
Model: I can play the piano, but I can’t play the violin.
count to twenty in Spanish
swim
ride a bike
drive a car
understand sign language
dive
ride a horse
sail a boat
use a word processor
play chess
run a marathon
ski
Write similar sentences about when you were ten years old. Use could and couldn’t.

VII. Complete these sentences using the correct form of to be able to.
1. If you sit at the back, you ___________ see very well. 2. Fortunately, she ___________ give the police a good description of the burglar. 3. I’m sorry. We’re busy on Sunday, so we _________________ come. 4. Experiments suggest that some dolphins ____________________ use a complicated system of sounds for communication. 5. We got there in good time, so we ___________ help Janet get everything ready. 6. I hope we ___________ produce better results in the future. 7. The chairman sends his apologies that he ___________ be at us this evening.

VIII. Complete these sentences using can, can’t, could, couldn’t.
1. There was a woman with a big hat right in front of me. I ___________ see a thing. 2. I’m sorry, you’re in my light. I ___________ see what I’m doing. 3. It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we ___________ hear very well. 4. When she screams, you ___________ hear her all over the house. 5. She was phoning all the way from Singapore but I __________ hear her very clearly. 6. ___________ you hear me at the back? 7. Put your hands up if you ___________ hear me. 8. I’ve got a really bad cold. I ___________ smell anything. 9. There’s something good in the kitchen. You ___________ smell it from here. 10. There’s a lovely view. On a clear day you ___________ see for miles. 11. Can you move over a bit? I ___________ see anything when you’re in the way. 12. Turn the radio up a bit. I ___________ hear it very clearly.

IX. Read this passage and complete the sentences below.
In Britain you are not allowed to leave school or to get married until you are at least sixteen years old. You cannot drive a car until you are seventeen, and you cannot drive a taxi until you are twenty-one. You are allowed to vote at the age of eighteen.
1. When you are sixteen you can ___________ and you can also ___________, but you are not allowed to ___________ until you are eighteen. 2. You are allowed to __________ when you are seventeen, but you can’t __________ until you  are twenty-one. 3. You can ___________ at the age of seventeen and you can ___________ at the age of eighteen. 4. It seems silly that you are allowed to ___________ when you are only sixteen, but you are not allowed to ___________ until you are seventeen. 5. I think you should be allowed to __________ a year earlier, when you are seventeen. 6. If you can ___________ at the age of seventeen I don’t see why you shouldn’t be allowed to ___________.

X. Ask and give permission.
Model: – May I go out for a moment, please?
– Yes, you may. / Yes, please. / Please, do. / Certainly.
Prompts: open the window, listen to the record, switch on the radio-set, go home, borrow your pen, talk with you, come in, ask you a question, use your phone, keep the book.

XI. Ask and deny permission.
Model: – May I smoke here?
– Please, don’t. / I’m afraid not. / No, you mustn’t.
Prompts: use your car, close the door, borrow your umbrella, go out, switch on the TV set, take your dictionary, cross the street now, buy an ice-cream, leave now, take your exercise-book.

XII. All of these sentences can be used to ask for permission. Rewrite each one using can, may or could. (Remember that may makes the requests more formal and could more polite.)
1. Do you mind if I open this window just a little? 2. I’d like to ask you just one more question. 3. Is it all right if I give you a ring some time later? 4. Is it OK if we go swimming? 5. Do you mind if I sit down? 6. I’d like an ice-cream please. 7. Do you think it’s possible for me to go home now? 8. Do you mind if I come back later?

XIII. Make six requests from this table.
Could I
May I
Could you let me have another cup of coffee
a look at your newspaper
something to eat
one of those biscuits
a bit of advice
a little more time please?


XIV. Respond using must to express obligation.
a) Model: – The suit is nice. (buy)
– You must buy it.
1. Bill is ill. (visit) 2. Jane is very busy. (help) 3. It’s 8.40. (go to school) 4. It’s 12 o’clock. (have lunch) 5. It’s late. (go to bed) 6. You are tired. (have a rest) 7. The book is interesting. (read) 8. The train is leaving in half an hour. (take a taxi) 9. It’s seven o’clock already. (get up)
b) Model: – You’ve got a temperature. (go out)
– You mustn’t go out.
1. It’s too cold. (stay out long) 2. He is very busy now. (speak to him) 3. There is a child in the room. (smoke) 4. It’s Peter’s textbook. (take) 5. You have much homework for tomorrow. (watch TV) 6. Betty can do this work herself. (help) 7. You are tired. (work hard)

XV. Make these invitations very welcoming by starting with You must.
Model: Can you come to our party next week?
– You must come to our party next week.
1. Would you like to come round for a game of chess some time? 2. Why don’t you bring your wife with you next time? 3. I’d like you to meet my brother next time he’s here. 4. Do have another cup of coffee. 5. Can’t you stay a little longer? 6. Would you like to see my holiday photographs? 7. Will you stay for lunch? 8. Would you like another piece of cake?

XVI. Give short answers to the following questions.
Model: – Must I help him?
– Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
1. Must I wait for you? 2. Must I copy the text? 3. Must we go there today? 4. Must I send them a fax? 5. Must I type the documents? 6. Must I come at 5 sharp? 7. Must I do this work myself? 8. Must I phone the manager? 9. Must we take a tent with us? 10. Must we start at once? 11. Must I be present at the meeting?

XVII. Respond to the following.
a) Model: I have a toothache. (go to the dentist)
– I’ll have to go to the dentist.
1. I’m busy now. (write the report by Monday) 2. I’ve lost my dictionary. (buy a new one) 3. It’s raining. (you, take an umbrella) 4. She is out. (you, wait) 5. My mother is ill. (I, call the doctor) 6. The bus is late. (we, take a taxi) 7. Peter didn’t pass his exam yesterday. (take it again in a week) 8. Mike can’t translate the text himself. (I, help him)
b) Model: The boss is in. (you, wait)
– You won’t have to wait.
1. We shall do the work ourselves. (you, help us) 2. Betty is quite well today. (she, miss the lecture) 3. There is still a lot of time left. (you, hurry) 4. Victor knows about the meeting. (you, ring him up) 5. The station is not far from the hotel. (we, take a taxi) 6. Paul will come here in some minutes. (you, wait)

XVIII. Ask for additional information.
Model: – Tom had to go to the police station. (why)
– Why did Tom have to go to the police station?
1. Ann has to leave tomorrow. (what time) 2. We had to answer a lot of questions at the exam. (how many) 3. George had to pay a parking fine. (how much) 4. Somebody will have to help him. (who) 5. I shall have to go to the station today. (why) 6. I had to return home. (why) 7. I shall have to take my exam soon. (when) 8. I had to wait for Peter. (how long)

XIX. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs.
1. When ___________ you come to your lessons? – I ___________ come to my lessons at eight o’clock. 2. You ___________ go away now, you ___________ stay here till six o’clock. 3. ___________ I take your pen? – Yes, you ___________. Here it is. 4. Nick knows French well. He ___________ translate the text. 5. I ___________ translate this letter. It’s too difficult. 6. ___________ I come into the room? – No, you ___________. 7. You ___________ come to your lessons in time. 8. ___________ you read this text? – Yes, I ___________. It’s easy. 9. I ___________ go to the library today. I have no time. 10. You ___________ read this book. It’s very easy. 11. You ___________ go out today. It’s too cold. 12. ___________ I take your pen? – Do, please. 13. We ___________ carry the bookcase upstairs. It is too heavy. 14. When ___________ you come to see us? – I ___________ come only tomorrow. 15. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you ___________, it is not necessary. 16. Mary ___________ finish the work at once. 17. ___________ you cut something without a knife? 18. Peter ___________ return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 19. ___________ we do the exercise at once? – No, you needn’t. 20. ___________ you pronounce this word?

XX. Translate it into English.
А. 1. Мой друг умеет хорошо говорить по-французски. 2. Я не могу дать вам эту книгу. Я должен приготовить уроки. 3. Можно убрать эти цветы со стола? – Да, конечно. 4. Я знаю немецкий плохо, но я могу переводить легкие тексты. 5. Я не смог прочитать эту книгу. Она слишком трудна для меня. 6. Вы хорошо играете на пианино? 7. Кто должен прийти на наш урок? 8. Какую книгу вы можете посоветовать мне прочитать? 9. Простите, я не могу отдать вам ваш журнал. Я забыл его вчера на работе. 10. Вы можете перевести это предложение? Оно очень легкое. 11. В детстве мой брат хорошо говорил по-английски. Теперь он не умеет говорить ни на одном иностранном языке. Он должен снова начать изучать английский язык. 12. Кто может ответить на мой вопрос? – Ник. Он много читает и хорошо знает литературу.
Б. 1. Можно войти? 2. Можете ли вы прийти к нам сегодня вечером? 3. Можно здесь курить? 4. Я не умею кататься на коньках, но я хорошо катаюсь на лыжах. 5. Можно мне открыть здесь окно? 6. Я не могу открыть окно. Помогите мне, пожалуйста. 7. Можно мне поговорить с вами сейчас? 8. Мой брат умеет говорить на трех иностранных языках.
В. 1. Можно вам помочь? – Пожалуйста. 2. Вы должны запомнить адрес и пойти туда тотчас же. 3. Какой-то человек хочет вас видеть. – Можете попросить его сюда. 4. Я должен оплатить это прямо сейчас? – Нет, не нужно, я могу подождать. 5. Вы должны подписать письмо и поставить дату. 6. Он может это сделать вовремя, не так ли? 7. Могу я повидать мистера Блэка? – Да, он в кабинете. 8. Можно включить радио? – Боюсь, что нет. Дети должны идти спать. 9. Можно пока положить книги на этот стол. 10. Чем могу быть вам полезен? – Могу я оставить сообщение для мистера Грина? – Конечно. 11. Пока (в настоящее время) этого делать не нужно. 12. Можно задать вам вопрос? – Пожалуйста.
Г. 1. Ты сможешь помочь мне по математике сегодня вечером? – Боюсь, что нет. Я должен поехать в аэропорт встретить друга. 2. Я должна поторопиться. Мы с Аней договорились встретиться в институте в 10 часов. 3. Не надо вставать так рано. Ты сможешь все сделать днем. 4. Можно мне просмотреть эти документы? – Боюсь, что нет. Я должна показать их директору. Вы сможете взять их только после обеда. 5. Я напряженно работал и смог завершить работу в срок. 6. Я не смогу пойти с вами в театр. Я должен буду задержаться на работе до 8 часов. 7. Мне не пришлось посылать ей телеграмму. Она смогла позвонить сама. 8. Тебе пришлось долго ждать? – Около часа. 9. Поторопись. Нам нельзя опаздывать на поезд. Придется поймать такси.

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